1. Remote sensing of the planets – E.T. RS
Astronomy has been called the ``first science'', as it was through observations of the planets and stars that calendars were developed for crop planning, time systems were adopted, navigation - geography were developed, and mathematical reasoning stimulated. A vast literature and methodology exists in modern optical and radar astronomy that parallels and often exceeds methods used in environmental remote sensing
IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) launched in January of Its sensors were tuned to the 12, 25, 60, and 100 µm IR wavelengths.
IRAS image of the Andromeda Galaxy, indicating variations in thermal emission at 12 µm.

2. Pluto; LORRI (Long Range Reconnaissance Imager) Pluto and Charon, Hubble Telescope
[New Horizons spacecraft mission, launched 2006]

3. orbital parameters and atmospheric characteristics of the solar planets (Nicholas Short)
Planetary temperature will determine wavelength of maximum emission (Wien’s Law)

4. Methods and wavelengths used on planetary missions

6. http://solarsystem. nasa. gov/missions/profile. cfm
Progression :

7. Types of Remote Sensing Missions
Fly-bys
Orbiters
Landers/ Rovers
Mariner Missions, Mercury and Venus
New Horizons 2007, Jupiter and Pluto
LandSat, Earth
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Surveyor Lunar Lander, 1966
Mars Rovers, 2003

8. SOHO, SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/
.. is a project of international collaboration between ESA and NASA to study the Sun from its core to the outer corona and the solar wind.
Latest images – Nov 18, 2009: nm nm (also 171 and 284)
Launched 1995, cost €1 billion; Sensor: Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT)

9. After Apollo (1972), the Moon was not revisited until an unmanned spacecraft, Clementine orbited it to conduct mapping studies February 19 - April 21, 1994, using UV/Visible, Near IR, and High Resolution Cameras, Lidar

10. specialized products include detailed maps of lunar topography and the distribution of several chemical elements, such as iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti), determined by analyzing reflectance variations at 0.75 mu and 0.95 mu, where these elements absorb radiation.

11. Recent Lunar missions Right: China: Chang’e-1 (2007-09)
Below: Japan – Kayuga (2009)

12. Venus – Magellan – Radar – 100m

13.
Imaging links: Sun 23, Mercury 281, Venus 149, Earth 1205, Mars 6327,
Jupiter 817, Saturn 2291, Uranus 55, Neptune 80, Pluto 7

14. Mars Global Surveyor (1996-2006) Instruments
MOC - Mars Orbiter Camera    
MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter    
TES - Thermal Emission Spectrometer

15. Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Camera
Mars Global Surveyor - Mars Orbital Camera
800m
4000m
Suspected rock glacier, Mars Orbiter Camera JPL/NASA
Resolution = 1m (Variable due to elliptical orbit)
MOC has produced over 250,000 images to date

16. MOC - Is there ice on Mars?
The perennial portion of the north polar cap consists almost entirely of water ice. In the northern hemisphere winter, this gains a seasonal coating of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) about one meter thick. The south polar cap also acquires a thin frozen carbon dioxide coating in the southern hemisphere winter. Beneath this is the perennial south polar cap, which is in two layers. The top layer consists of frozen carbon dioxide and about 8 meters (27 feet) thick. The bottom layer is very much deeper and is made of water ice.

17. MOLA DEM resolution in z = 30cm! (N. Pole to S. Pole transect)

18. Mars Express: High Resolution Stereo Camera
Mars Express (ESA – 2003): High Resolution Stereo Camera
The “hourglass” feature HRSC, ESA
Mars Express: High Resolution Stereo Camera

20. Mars Express: High Resolution Stereo Camera
Nicholson Crater
HRSC, ESA 2005

21. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005)
Onboard:
HiRISE - High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (Visible and infrared wavelengths)
CRISM - Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars
CTX - Context Imager Takes low resolution overview images for geological context

22. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: HiRISE
MRO HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGING SCIENCE EXPERIMENT (HIRISE)
1km

23. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005)
CRISM can cover wavelengths from to 3.92 microns (362 to 3920 nanometers) at 6.55 nanometers/channel, to identify a broad range of minerals on the Martian surface.
False colour infrared Red = dust, Green = polyhdrated sulphate,
blue = water ice

24. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) 2001
This is a special camera on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft (2001-present). Its main tasks are mapping rock mineralogies and detecting heat, which yields information on the Martian surface.
THEMIS is a multi-wavelength camera
5 visual bands: 0.425, 0.540, 0.654, 0.749, microns
10 thermal infrared bands: 6.78, 7.93, 8.56, 9.35, 10.21, 11.04, 11.79, 12.57, microns
Resolution: visual images, 59 feet (18 meters) per pixel infrared images, 328 feet (100 meters) per pixel

26. Mars Global Surveyor: Thermal Emission Spectrometer
Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES)
Onboard Mars Global Surveyor
TES has a low spatial resolution (3x6 km) with very high spectral resolution of 143 bands between micrometers
Mars Global Surveyor: Thermal Emission Spectrometer

27. Mars Exploration Rover Missions 2004
Duck Bay Opportunity, NASA/JPL

32. Enceladus, Moon of Saturn, by Cassini Orbiter, 2005

33. Meteor and Comet Impact Hazards: North American Impact Craters Data from Observer's Handbook 2004, Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

34. Pingualuit Crater, Northern Quebec (Landsat 7, 2002)

35. Sudden impact: Google unearths rare meteorite crater - Australia

36. Remote Sensing software
Software, HQ special strength
ERDAS (Atlanta, USA: 1979) – vector integration
PCI (Toronto, Canada: 1982) – orthophotos / breadth
ENVI (Boulder, USA: 1991) - hyperspectral
ER Mapper (Perth, Australia:) image web server
…. now part of ERDAS (2007)

37. ArcGIS spatial analyst (GRID)

38. Other software: DIPS and raster GIS Microimages TNTmips http://www
Other software: DIPS and raster GIS Microimages TNTmips windows / Mac / Unix / Linux IDRISI Worcester (Boston) GRASS -

39. Free image processing software http://www. maproom. ruc

40. Free viewers See also for more remote sensing software: