1. East Meets West
The Mongols

2. Nomadic peoples – followed herds; previously, Mongols protected trade along the silk road

3. Temujin,Temuchin, Genghis Khan, Chingis Khan (all the same person)
Temujin's Rise
Born ca. 1162, d. 1227
Long period of tribal conflict
Temujin succeeded in unifying all Mongols
Declared Khan of Khans and given name Genghis Khan, 1206
Conquest of North China
Temujin,Temuchin, Genghis Khan, Chingis Khan (all the same person)

5. War with Persia
War started after Persians put Mongol emissaries to death.
War of annihilation on both sides.
Mongol detachment sent to pursue Shah across his own empire.
Following conquest of Persia, Mongol troop circled Caspian.

7. Mongol Battle Tactics Constant practice in riding, archery
Traveled very light
Extraordinary endurance
Extremely ruthless in battle
Extraordinary military discipline
Practical, readily assimilated advanced siege technology
Retreat tactic

9. Mongol Battle Tactics
Remarkable ability to coordinate armies separated by great distances
Mobility unheard of by armies of the time (up to 100 miles/day!)
Mongol combination of mobility and communication probably not equaled again until WWII

10. Rule in conquered territories
Ruthless annihilation of resistance (terror tactics)
General benevolence when no resistance
Cities generally left under native governors
Religious tolerance important in consolidating rule, gain support of minorities oppressed by Muslims
Used Muslim & Chinese models to build administration for empire
Administration commonly more benign, less corrupt than pre-Mongol government

11. Positive qualities of Mongols
Discipline, obedience to own laws
Sense of honor and loyalty, respect for these qualities in others, even opponents
High status of women
These qualities attested even by European observers who generally detested the Mongols

12. Genghis Khan’s Value Statement
“The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before him. To ride their horses and take away their possessions. To see the faces of those who were dear to them bedewed with tears, and to clasp their wives and daughters in his arms.”

13. After Genghis Khan
Ogodei – Great Khan (Genghis Khan’s son)
Empire splits into three functionally independent realms:
China and Mongolia
Russia
Persia
In principle the rulers of Russia and Persia were regents for the Khan in China - Ogodei

15. KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
Coolest name ever. Present-day Russia and Eastern Europe

16. The Golden Horde Mongols conquer Russia, 1236-1242
Vassal and tribute system to Golden Horde
Peasants become serfs – Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe
Effort of peasants to gain protection from Mongols
Moscow becomes important because it is the center of the tribute system and the new center of the Orthodox Church
THEY CREATE RUSSIA

17. Mongols in Eastern Europe
A nomadic tribe, the Kumans, asked king of Hungary for asylum
Mongols attack Hungary, 1241, when king refuses to relinquish the Kumans
Within three months, Mongols obliterate all military resistance in Eastern Europe
Mongols break off attack when Khan Ogodei dies, never return

18. Get as far as Hungary/Bohemia

19. CCOT Practice
Analyze the changes in government structure which occurred in Russia from approximately 500 CE to 1450 CE. What caused the changes and what stayed the same?
Viking consolidation
Kiev Rus
Golden Horde
Rise of Moscow *

20. Mongols in the Middle East
ILKHANATE
Mongols in the Middle East

21. Ilkhanate Mongol-ruled Persia goes to war against the Caliph
Mongols capture, sack, obliterate Baghdad, 1258.
Canal system of Iraq destroyed
Defeat Seljuk Turks, which opens up the way for the Ottoman Turks
Psychological blow from which Islam never recovered
Egypt saved by battle of Ayn Jalut, 1259; Mamluks are victorious in 1260.

22. Aka, Empire of the Great Khan. Mongols in China (finally)
YUAN DYNASTY
Aka, Empire of the Great Khan. Mongols in China (finally)

23. YUAN DYNASTY Raid North China 1211 - 1214
Full conquest of North China
Final Conquest of South China 1269 – 1279
Toughest area of conquest was Song China
Failed invasions and expeditions to:
Vietnam
Burma
Indonesia
Japan

25. Kubilai Khan Most influential khan Grandson of Genghis Khan
Changes name of dynasty to Yuan
Adopts Chinese ways
Separation between Chinese and the Mongols
Religious tolerance
Mongol women retain the strength and independence

26. New social structure of Yuan Dynasty
1. Mongols
2. Nomadic/Muslim allies
3.Northern Chinese
4. Ethnic Chinese/peoples from South

27. Mongols in Japan Invasions in 1274 and 1281
Mongols unable to advance beyond beachheads
Japanese were able to defeat the invaders
Both times, a typhoon wrecked the invasion fleet
Led to Japanese notion of the “Divine Wind” – Kamikaze
Koryo ship used by Mongols

28. The Legend of Prester John
A Christian King David ruled a great land in the East
His son, Prester John, would come and rescue Europe from the Islamic threat
Many Mongols were technically Christians of the Nestorian sect
Rumors of Mongol attack on Muslims reinforces belief in the legend

29. Trans-Eurasian Contact
First European accounts by John of Plano Carpini (1240’s) and William of Rubruck (1250’s)
Marco Polo
By early 1300’s, over two dozen diplomatic missions from Europe to China

31. Mongol Impact Pax Mongolia Cultural diffusion
United large territory: for about a century 2 continents were united under one rule; safe trade; etc
Cultural diffusion
Gun powder
Trade of food, tools, ideas
$$ for traders (esp. in Venice and Genoa)
Bubonic Plague (AKA Black death) - killed 1/3 of W. Europe and 50% of the population in other areas
Ended feudalism in W Europe

33. Decline of Nomadic Empire
Mongol rule in China ends, 1368
Successors to Kubilai Khan are not strong leaders
Military losses – particularly Japan
Excessive taxes place strain on peasantry
Lack of experience ruling an empire
Rise of the Ming Dynasty

34. Mongol Impact
Mongols ended/interrupted many great postclassical empires
Extended world network – foundation for interaction on global scale
Forged mightiest war machine
Four khanates – sons divided
Ruled for 150 years
Last time nomadic peoples dominated sedentary peoples
Paradox of rule – fierce fighters vs. tolerant/peaceful leaders

35. Timur-I Lang 1336 - 1405 Timur-I Lang – Tamerlane
a. Highly cultured person
b. Ruthless conqueror – atrocities – pyramid of skulls – tens thousands
1. Spared artisans/scientists to help build capital
2. Upon death, empire falls apart
3. Last great challenge from nomads