1. Innate microbial sensors and their relevance to allergy
Andrew H. Liu, MD 
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 
Volume 122, Issue 5, Pages (November 2008)
DOI: /j.jaci
Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Innate microbial sensors. Schema of the main categories of microbial pattern recognition receptors at the host-environment interface, and the innate immune cell types that express them.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /j.jaci )
Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Innate microbial sensors and their relevance to allergy. Microbial PRRs may be relevant to the development of allergy in several ways: (1) some of the innate PRRs (eg, CLRs) can mediate the uptake and presentation of specific allergens (eg, dust mite, grass pollen, fungi) by APCs; (2) low-level activation of microbial PRRs caused by low-level PAMP exposure results in allergen presentation by APCs without IL-12, leading to TH2 lymphocyte development and allergic sensitization; (3) TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 inhibit the production of AMPs such as cathelicidin and human β-defensins in the skin, rendering the skin susceptible to microbial colonization and infection; (4) microbial PRR activation worsens ongoing allergic inflammation, further impairing AMP production, microbial burden, and disease severity; (5) in contrast, a PAMP-rich and PAMP-diverse environment induces high-level PRR activation, optimized by the cooperative activation of multiple PRR types and the induction of PRR expression that further heightens microbial sensing. High-level PRR activation results in allergen presentation with IL-12, leading to TH1/T regulatory lymphocyte (Treg) responses to allergen, without allergic sensitization. These differences in innate immune responses and development relative to a PAMP-poor versus PAMP-rich environment, and their impact on allergic outcomes, support the hygiene hypothesis and the atopy-protective effect of animal farming environments in early life.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /j.jaci )
Copyright © 2008 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions