1. Faces of the Roman Republic
Roman god JANUS which is associated with “forks in the road”
Considered the most Roman of the deities.

2. Tarquin the Proud
Last Etruscan king of Rome who is overthrown in 509 BC and replaced with the Republic Period.

3. HAMILCAR
BARCA
Leader of the Carthaginians in the 1st Punic War. Father of Hannibal.

4. Roman naval technology that allowed them to board enemy vessels and fight as if they were on land.
ROMAN CORVUS

5. HANNIBAL
Carthaginian general who attacked Italy and by proxy, the Romans, for 15 years during the 2nd Punic War. He handed the Romans their worst military defeat ever at the Battle of Cannae in 215 BC. He was ultimately defeated by Scipio Africanus, who used his own tactics against him.

7. PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO THE YOUNGER “AFRICANUS”
Defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC to end the 2nd Punic War. Just FYI - his adopted son Scipio Aemilianus is the leader of the Romans during the 3rd Punic War when Carthage is destroyed.

8. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
The Gracchi brothers were both Tribunes of the Plebs.
Tribunes (who spoke for the plebs in front of the Senate) were the only Romans to have “sacrosanctitas” (freedom of speech) so they could say whatever they want without getting in trouble.
Tiberius (the older of the two) pushes for land redistribution (he wanted to take any extra land from people who had over 500 acres and redistribute it to the urban poor) This plan ultimately gets him assassinated, most likely on the order of the Senate.
Gaius is the more socialist of the two, but also pushes an agenda loaded with land redistribution ideas. This, like his brother, gets him assassinated.

9. Gaius Marius Marius is going to reform the Roman Army.
Prior to Marius’ consulship, the Roman legions were very similar to Greek phalanx in that soldiers were ordinary citizens who had to pay for their own weapons and armor. Most of them would have been Patrician and they looked at it as if they had the most to lose if Rome’s armies lost so it was their duty.
Marius saw a city full of urban poor (plebians) who didn’t really have jobs or a purpose. So he killed two birds with one stone.
Marian Reforms
Urban poor are transformed into a professional (that is their primary job and they get paid) army
- he provided them with weapons, armor and training
- he promised them rewards after victories (share in the spoils) and retirement (land in conquered areas) after years of service
The unintended consequence is that armies are now more loyal to commanders/generals than to the Senate and Rome itself.

10. CRASSUS
CLEOPATRA
JULIUS CAESAR
POMPEY
FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

11. SECOND TRIUMVIRATE AUGUSTUS LEPIDUS CLEOPATRA OCTAVIAN CAESAR
MARC ANTONY
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE