1. Lesson 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Lesson 2 Igneous Rocks
Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle
Lesson 2 Igneous Rocks
Lesson 3 Sedimentary Rocks
Lesson 4 Metamorphic Rocks
Chapter Wrap-Up
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Chapter Menu

2. How do the three main types of rocks form?
Chapter Introduction

3. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.
Chapter Introduction

4. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Once a rock forms as part of a mountain, it does not change.
2. Some rocks, when exposed on Earth’s surface, undergo weathering and erosion.
3. Large crystals form when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface.
4. Igneous rocks form when cooling magma crystallizes.
Chapter Introduction

5. Do you agree or disagree?
5. Water can dissolve rock.
6. All sedimentary rocks on Earth formed from the remains of organisms that lived in oceans.
7. With the right pressure and temperature conditions, minerals in a rock can change shape without breaking or melting.
8. Metamorphic rocks have layers that form as minerals melt and recrystallize.
Chapter Introduction

6. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
How are rocks classified?
What is the rock cycle?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
rock
grain
texture
magma
lava
sediment
rock cycle
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

8. Rocks A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains.
Geologists call the fragments that make up a rock grains.
Geologists use a grain’s size, shape, and chemical composition to classify rocks.
Earth’s surface can cause rocks to break apart into many different-sized fragments.
Lesson 1-1

9. Rocks (cont.)
The grain size and the way grains fit together in a rock are called texture.
When a geologist classifies a rock by its texture, he or she looks at the size of minerals or grains in the rock, the arrangement of these grains, and the overall feel of the rock.
Texture can be used to determine the environment in which a rock formed.
Lesson 1-1

10. Rocks (cont.)
The minerals or grains in a rock help geologists classify its composition.
Composition can be used to determine where a rock formed, such as inside a volcano or in a river.
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
Lesson 1-1

11. Rocks (cont.)
How are rocks classified?
Lesson 1-1

12. Three Major Rock Types
The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates igneous rock.
Magma is molten or liquid rock underground.
Lava is magma that erupts on Earth’s surface.
Lesson 1-2

13. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Rock fragments, mineral crystals, or the remains of certain plants and animals, are the building blocks of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks form where sediment is deposited.
Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode.
Lesson 1-2

14. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Sediment can be deposited in environments like rivers and streams, deserts, and valleys.
deposit
Science Use sediment or rock added to a landform
Common Use to put money in a bank
Lesson 1-2

15. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)
Metamorphic rocks can form from any igneous or sedimentary rock or even another metamorphic rock.
When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure, such as along plate boundaries, they can change to metamorphic rocks.
Chemical fluids can also cause rocks to become metamorphic rocks.
Lesson 1-2

16. The Rock Cycle
The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the rock cycle.
Lesson 1-2

17. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
Forces on Earth’s surface and deep within Earth drive the rock cycle.
On the surface, rocks can change due to natural processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation.
Lesson 1-3

18. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
Some rock cycle processes occur only beneath Earth’s surface, such as those that involve extreme temperature, pressure, and melting.
Uplift is a tectonic process that forces these rocks onto Earth’s surface.
Lesson 1-3

19. The Rock Cycle (cont.)
What is the rock cycle?
Lesson 1-2

20. Rocks are a natural solid mixture of minerals or grains.
Texture describes the size and arrangement of minerals or grains in a rock.
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
Lesson 1 - VS

21. The rock cycle represents a series of processes that change one rock type into another.
Lesson 1 - VS

22. What do geologists call the fragments that make up a rock?
A. minerals
B. magma
C. igneous rock
D. grains
Lesson 1 – LR1

23. What is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by water erosion?
A. lava
B. sediment
C. metamorphic rock
D. magma
Lesson 1 – LR2

24. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure they can change into which of these?
A. metamorphic rock
B. igneous rock
C. sedimentary rock
D. volcanic rock
Lesson 1 – LR3

25. 1. Once a rock forms as part of a mountain, it does not change.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. Once a rock forms as part of a mountain, it does not change.
2. Some rocks, when exposed on Earth’s surface, undergo weathering and erosion.
Lesson 1 - Now

26. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC
Igneous Rocks
How do igneous rocks form?
What are the common types of igneous rocks?
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

27. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab
Igneous Rocks
extrusive rock
volcanic glass
intrusive rock
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

28. Igneous Rock Formation
When volcanic material erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface, it forms a type of igneous rock called extrusive rock.
Volcanic glass is rock that forms when lava cools too quickly to form crystals.
Among the most noticeable features of some extrusive igneous rocks are holes that are left after gas escapes.
Lesson 2-1

29. Igneous Rock Formation (cont.)
Igneous rocks that form as magma cools underground are called intrusive rocks.
intrusive
from Latin intrudere, means “to push in”
Lesson 2-1

30. Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks
Lesson 2-1

31. Igneous Rock Formation (cont.)
How do igneous rocks form?
Lesson 2-2

32. Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive by studying the rock’s texture.
Lesson 2-2

33. Igneous Rock Identification
If the crystals are small, the rock is extrusive.
If all the crystals are large enough to see and have an interlocking texture, the rock is intrusive.
Lesson 2-2

34. Igneous Rock Identification (cont.)
Igneous rocks are also classified, in part, by magma composition, such as silica content.
Magma composition, the location where the lava or magma cools and crystallizes, and the cooling rate determine the type of igneous rock that forms.
Lesson 2-2

35. Igneous Rock Identification (cont.)
How are extrusive and intrusive rocks different?
Lesson 2-2

36. When lava cools fast, volcanic glass forms.
An extrusive igneous rock cools and crystallizes from volcanic material erupted on Earth’s surface.
When lava cools fast, volcanic glass forms.
An intrusive igneous rock forms as magma cools and crystallizes deep inside Earth.
Lesson 2 - VS

37. What erupts onto Earth’s surface during a volcanic eruption?
A. sediment
B. volcanic glass
C. pumice
D. magma
Lesson 2 – LR1

38. Which of these forms when lava cools too quickly to form crystals?
A. extrusive rock
B. intrusive rock
C. volcanic glass
D. magma
Lesson 2 – LR2

39. What kind of rock forms when magma cools underground?
A. intrusive
B. extrusive
C. crystallized
D. mineral
Lesson 2 – LR3

40. 3. Large crystals form when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface.
Do you agree or disagree?
3. Large crystals form when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface.
4. Igneous rocks form when cooling magma crystallizes.
Lesson 2 - Now

41. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC
Sedimentary Rocks
How do sedimentary rocks form?
What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC

42. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab
Sedimentary Rocks
compaction
cementation
clastic rock
clast
chemical rock
biochemical rock
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab

43. Sedimentary Rock Formation
Mineral and rock fragments can be transported by water, glacial ice, gravity, or wind.
The sediments eventually are deposited, or laid down, where they can them accumulate in layers.
Lesson 3-1

44. Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.)
The weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases the space between grains during a process called compaction.
Compaction can lead to a process called cementation.
Lesson 3-1

45. Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.)
When minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains, the process is called cementation.
Mineral cement holds the grains together.
Lesson 3-1

46. Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.)
What is the difference between compaction and cementation?
Lesson 3-1

47. Sedimentary Rock Identification
Sedimentary rocks that are made up of broken pieces of minerals and rock fragments are known as clastic rocks.
The broken pieces and fragments are called clasts.
Sediment size alone cannot be used to determine the environment where a clastic rock formed.
Lesson 3-2

48. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)
clastic
from Greek klastos, means “broken”
Lesson 3-2

49. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)
When water becomes saturated with dissolved minerals, particles can crystallize out of the water and form minerals.
Chemical rocks form when minerals crystallize directly from water.
Lesson 3-2

50. The water that once filled this lake bed was saturated with dissolved halite. The water evaporated and crystalline rock salt formed.
National Geographic/Getty Images
Lesson 3-2

51. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)
Biochemical rock is a sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms.
Sometimes the remains or traces of organisms are preserved as fossils in biochemical rock.
Lesson 3-2

52. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)
Chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks are common on Earth’s surface.
Lesson 3-2

53. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)
How do chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks form?
Lesson 3-2

54. A clastic sedimentary rock is made of clasts of minerals or rock fragments.
When minerals crystallize directly from water, a chemical sedimentary rock results.
A biochemical sedimentary rock contains the remains of living organisms or was formed by organisms.
National Geographic/Getty Images
Lesson 3 - VS

55. During which process does the weight from layers of sediment force out fluids and decrease the space between grains?
A. cementation
B. crystallization
C. compaction
D. evaporation
Lesson 3 – LR1

56. A. chemical C. fragmented B. biochemical D. clastic
Which types of rocks are sedimentary rocks made up of broken pieces of minerals and rock fragments?
A. chemical C. fragmented
B. biochemical D. clastic
Lesson 3 – LR2

57. Chemical rocks form when minerals crystallize directly from which of these?
A. gas
B. water
C. sediment
D. magma
Lesson 3 – LR3

58. 5. Water can dissolve rock.
Do you agree or disagree?
5. Water can dissolve rock.
6. All sedimentary rocks on earth formed from the remains of organisms that lived in oceans.
Lesson 3 - Now

59. Lesson 4 Reading Guide - KC
Metamorphic Rocks
How do metamorphic rocks form?
How do types of metamorphic rock differ?
Lesson 4 Reading Guide - KC

60. Lesson 4 Reading Guide - Vocab
Metamorphic Rocks
metamorphism
plastic deformation
foliated rock
nonfoliated rock
contact metamorphism
regional metamorphism
Lesson 4 Reading Guide - Vocab

61. Metamorphic Rock Formation
Metamorphism is any process that affects the structure or composition of a rock in a solid state as a result of changes in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids.
Most metamorphic rocks form deep within Earth’s crust.
Like igneous rock, metamorphic rocks form under high temperature and pressure conditions.
Lesson 4-1

62. Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.)
Plastic deformation is the permanent change in the shape of rock by bending and folding.
Plastic deformation occurs during uplift events when tectonic plates collide and form mountains.
Lesson 4-1

63. Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.)
The rock that changes during metamorphism is called the parent rock.
The temperatures required to metamorphose rock depend on the parent rock’s composition.
Lesson 4-1

64. Both temperature and pressure increase with depth in Earth’s crust and mantle.
Lesson 4-1

65. Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.)
Under what conditions do metamorphic rocks form?
Lesson 4-1

66. Metamorphic rocks are classified into two groups based on texture: foliated rocks and nonfoliated rocks.
Lesson 4-2

67. Metamorphic Rock Identification
Foliated rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals.
Metamorphic rocks that have mineral grains with a random, interlocking texture are nonfoliated rocks.
Lesson 4-2

68. Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.)
foliate
from Latin foliatus, means “consisting of thin, leaf-like layers”
Lesson 4-2

69. Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.)
During contact metamorphism, magma comes in contact with existing rock, and its thermal energy and gases interact with the surrounding rock and forms nonfoliated metamorphic rock.
Regional metamorphism is the formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size.
Lesson 4-2

70. Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.)
Compare and contrast contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism.
Lesson 4-2

71. Foliated metamorphic rocks have distinct layers of flat and elongated minerals.
A nonfoliated metamorphic rock has minerals arranged in a random, interlocking texture.
Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come in contact with magma without melting.
Lesson 4 - VS

72. When rocks bend or fold without melting, the permanent change in the rock’s shape is called what?
A. metamorphism
B. foliation
C. plastic deformation
D. rock deformation
Lesson 4 – LR1

73. What kind of rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals?
A. foliated rocks
B. metamorphic rocks
C. crystallized rocks
D. nonfoliated rocks
Lesson 4 – LR2

74. Which type of metamorphism occurs when magma comes in contact with existing rock, and its thermal energy and gases interact with the surrounding rock?
A. regional C. plastic
B. crystal D. contact
Lesson 4 – LR3

75. Do you agree or disagree?
7. With the right pressure and temperature conditions, minerals in a rock can change shape without breaking or melting.
8. Metamorphic rocks have layers that form as minerals melt and then recrystallize.
Lesson 4 - Now

76. Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter Review Menu

77. Igneous rocks form from molten rock that cools and crystallizes.
Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments or evaporation and crystallization of minerals dissolved in water.
Metamorphic rocks form from exposure of existing rocks to high pressures, temperatures, or the addition of chemical fluids.
The BIG Idea

78. Lesson 1: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
There are three major rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Geologists study rock texture and mineral composition to identify rocks of each type.
Rocks can melt or recrystallize. Rocks exposed on Earth’s surface can break down due to forces such as water, ice, wind, and gravity. New rocks form under changing temperature and pressure conditions or the addition of chemical fluids.
Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images
Key Concepts 1

79. Lesson 2: Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form when volcanic material cools and crystallizes.
Crystal size is dependent on how quickly the magma or lava cools.
Igneous rocks range in color from light to dark, depending on their mineral composition.
Key Concepts 2

80. Lesson 3: Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, compaction, cementation, and crystallization are the important processes in the formation of sedimentary rocks.
A sedimentary rock’s texture and mineral composition depends on where it formed and the forces that created it.
National Geographic/Getty Images
Key Concepts 3

81. Lesson 4: Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from a parent rock that has been exposed to increases in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids.
Some metamorphic rocks have foliated textures and are deformed. Others are composed of coarse and blocky crystals that are uniform in color.
Key Concepts 4

82. Which term refers to the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock?
A. metamorphoses
B. sediment deposit
C. rock cycle
D. rock deposit
Chapter Review – MC1

83. Geologists can determine if an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive by studying its composition and which of these?
A. size C. weight
B. color D. texture
Chapter Review – MC2

84. B. biochemical D. clastic
Which type of rock is sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms?
A. chemical C. carbonate
B. biochemical D. clastic
Chapter Review – MC3

85. Which process occurs when minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains?
A. cementation
B. compaction
C. crystallization
D. erosion
Chapter Review – MC4

86. Which type of rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals?
A. igneous
B. foliated
C. nonfoliated
D. sedimentary
Chapter Review – MC5

87. Which term refers to magma that erupts on Earth’s surface?
A. sediment
B. metamorphic rock
C. lava
D. crystals
Chapter Review – STP1

88. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates which type of rock?
A. igneous
B. sedimentary
C. metamorphic
D. mineral
Chapter Review – STP2

89. An igneous rock is classified as extrusive if which part is difficult or impossible to see without a magnifying glass?
A. minerals
B. crystals
C. holes
D. grains
Chapter Review – STP3

90. Which term refers to any process that affects the structure or composition of solid rock?
A. chemical reaction
B. plastic deformation
C. foliation
D. metamorphism
Chapter Review – STP4

91. B. regional metamorphism C. contact metamorphism
Which process refers to the formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size?
A. cementation
B. regional metamorphism
C. contact metamorphism
D. plastic deformation
Chapter Review – STP5