1. Immunity
Chapter 34

2. What is Immunity Humans evolved defenses that protect our bodies
Antigen: _________________________________, __________________________________ especially the production of antibodies
Complement: _____________________________; play a role in immune responses when activated

3. What is Immunity
Innate immunity: nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play ________________________of an antigen's appearance in the body.
These mechanisms include physical barriers such as _______, ____________, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body
Adaptive immunity: _________________________.
The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be __________and ________. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells _____________________________________________

4. Lines of defence (3) _______, ________, and __________barriers
____________immunity
_____________immunity
One physical barrier to infection: Mucus and the mechanical action of cilia can keep pathogens from getting a foothold in the airways that lead to the lungs. Bacteria and other particles get stuck in mucus secreted by goblet cells (gold). Cilia (pink) on other cells sweep the mucus toward the throat for disposal

5. The Defenders
____________participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses
Cytokines: _______________________________ _______________________________________
They are released by cells and _____________________________________________

6. Types of WBC
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles
Mast cell: contains granules; ____________ ___________________; factor in inflammation
T cell (T lymphocyte): central to adaptive immunity; targets infected or _________________
B cell (B lymphocyte): ___________________
NK cell (natural killer cell): lymphocyte that can kill cancer cells undetectable by cytotoxic __________________
Neutrophils: ___________ ____________________
Macrophage: phagocyte; ____________________
Dendritic cell: phagocyte; alerts immune system to ____________________
Eosinophil: ____________ ____________________
Basophil: circulating white blood cell with _________

7. Types of WBC

8. What keeps microorganisms on the outside of the body?
Normal flora: ____________________________ ______________________________________
Includes microorganisms on the ________________and ___________of the __________and __________tracts
Benefits of normal flora:
___________________________________________
_______________________________________
_____________________________________
Normal flora are helpful ________on body surfaces
Can cause or worsen many conditions when they __________________
Example: Propionibacterium acnes: colonizes within interior of blocked hair follicles

9. What keeps microorganisms on the outside of the body?
Dental plaque: found on ________; thick biofilm composed of _________, their extracellular products, and ________proteins
Collection of anaerobic bacteria and archaea accumulate in deep pockets of gum epithelium; can cause ____________________

10. Barriers to Infection Blood and tissue fluids are typically __________
Surface barriers prevent normal flora from entering the body’s _____________________
Examples:
Tough outer layer of ____________
Epithelial tissues that line the body’s interior ___________
Cells of epithelium contain lysozyme (___________________)

11. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body? (4 things)
What activates complement1 proteins?
Components of _________________________
Antigen or antibodies bound to antigen
Activated complement proteins activate a cascade of other complement proteins
Mechanisms of complement proteins:
________________________________________

12. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body
What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body? (Innate defenses)
Activated complement can assemble into membrane attack complexes that insert themselves into a lipid bilayer. The resulting pores cause the cell to burst

13. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body?
Phagocytosis2
Phagocytic cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils) follow a complement gradient back to its ________
Dendritic cells present antigen to ___________
Macrophage secretes __________ to alert ___________________________
Neutrophil: ___________________________ ____________________________________
Neutrophil nets. Two Klebsiella bacteria (purple) are ensnared in material that has been ejected by a neutrophil in lung tissue.

14. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body?
Inflammation3: Local response to ___________ or _________; characterized by ___________, ________, ________, and __________
Inflammation begins when a white blood cell degranulates (_____________________________)
Blood flow increases, ________________________ ________________________________________
Complement-coated invading cells are easy targets for the ____________________________

15. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body?
Inflammation

16. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body?
Fever4_______________________________ ____________________________________
Cytokines stimulate brain cells to make and release prostaglandins
Prostaglandins act on the hypothalamus to _____________ _____________________________________________
Fever enhances immune defenses by increasing the ________________________________

17. What happens after an antigen is detected inside the body?
Fever

18. What are antigen receptors?
Antigen: toxin or other foreign substance
Adaptive immunity mechanisms are triggered by white blood cells that detect antigen via _______________________________

19. What are antigen receptors? (3 examples)
T cell receptor: antigen receptor on the surface of a T cell; recognizes _____________________________
MHC markers: self-proteins on the surface of human body cells
Antibodies:_____________________ ____________________________
Do not kill pathogens directly; activate __________and facilitate ____________
B cell receptor: antigen receptor on the surface of B cell; _________________ _____________________________

20. What are antigen receptors?
Antigen receptor diversity
Humans can make ___________of unique antigen receptors
As a B cell or T cell differentiates, it ends up with one of about _____________different combinations of gene segments

21. What is an immune response?
Antibody-mediated immune response: _________ _____________________________________
Cell-mediated immune response: ____________ _____________________________________
Effector cell: antigen-sensitized B cell or T cell that forms in an immune response and ____________ _____________________________________
Memory cell: long-lived, antigen-sensitized B cell or T cell that can act in a _____________________________________

22. What is an immune response?

23. What is an immune response?
Lymphocytes interact with phagocytic cells to effect the 4 defining characteristics of adaptive immunity:
________________________of MHC markers and antigens
________________towards antigens
_______________of antigen receptors
_______________of an antigen

24. What is an immune response?
Intercepting Antigen
T cell receptors recognize and bind only to antigen that has been processed by an ____________________________
Antigen-presenting cells:
________________________
_______________________

25. What is an immune response?
What happens when a B cell, macrophage, or dendritic cell engulfs an antigenic particle
1___________________________________________________
2_____________________________________________________________________________
3_____________________________________________________________________________
4_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Intercepting Antigen
lysosome
MHC molecule 1 2 3 4

26. What happens during an antibody-mediated response?
Humoral response: ______________________ ____________________________________
Secreted antibodies bind to the ____________
Facilitates uptake by ________________________
_____________a toxin, and helps _____________pathogens from the body

27. What happens during an antibody-mediated response?

28. What happens during an antibody-mediated response?
Theory of clonal selection: B cell was “selected” because its receptors bound to an antigen
B cells with receptors that did not bind the antigen do _____________________________________ (Why?)

29. What happens during an antibody-mediated response?
Tremendous amount of antibodies circulating in the blood cause agglutination:
________________________________________ ________________________________________
The clumps attract ________________________
Removed by ________________________

30. How does ABO blood typing work?
A carbohydrate on red blood cell membrane occurs in two forms, this carbohydrate is called _________
People with one form of the H antigen have type A blood and type B-antibody (to recognize non-self antigens and leave them alone)
People with the other form have type B blood and type A-antibody. (to recognize non-self antigens and leave them alone)
People with both forms have type AB blood and no antibodies (Why?)
Those with neither are type O and have A and B antibodies

32. How does ABO blood typing work?
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
anti-B
anti-A
ABO blood typing test. In such tests, samples of a patient’s blood are mixed with antibodies to H antigens. Agglutination (clumping) shows the presence of antigen.

33. What happens during a cell-mediated immune response?
A cell-mediated immune response involves the production of cytotoxic (toxic to living cells) T cells and other lymphocytes that recognize specific intracellular pathogens
_________________ _________________

34. What happens during a cell-mediated immune response?
Unlike cytotoxic T cells, Natural Killer cells can kill body cells that lack MHC markers
_________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________

35. What happens when the immune system malfunctions?
Allergies
Allergen: _____________________________ ____________________________________
Examples: _______, ________, ______, dust mite feces, _______________, and __________
Allergy: ___________________________
First exposure: B cells make/secrete IgE (antibody)
Later exposure: antigen binds to the IgE
Histamines and prostaglandins are released

36. What happens when the immune system malfunctions?
Overly vigorous responses
Exposure to an allergen sometimes causes a severe, whole-body allergic reaction called __________________________________
Huge amounts of inflammatory molecules are released all at once
Too much fluid leaks into tissues, causing a sudden and dramatic drop in __________________________
Rapidly swelling tissues constrict the __________and may block them

37. What happens when the immune system malfunctions?
Autoimmune Disorders
The thymus has a built-in quality control mechanism that weeds out T cells with ______________________________
If this mechanism fails, mature lymphocytes that do not discriminate between self and nonself may be produced
Autoimmune response: ___________________ ____________________________________

38. What happens when the immune system malfunctions?
Autoimmune Disorders

39. What happens when the immune system malfunctions?
Immune deficiency: ______________________ __________________ by opportunistic agents that are typically harmless
Primary immune deficiencies: __________________
Example: SCIDs
Secondary immune deficiency: loss of immune function ________________________________________
Example: ___________________

40. What is AIDS?
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome): develops as the result of infection by the _____virus
_____mainly infects _______________, dendritic cells, and ___________________
With time, the immune system becomes progressively less effective at fighting ___________
Eventually, ________infections and tumors kill the patient

41. What is AIDS? Routes of ______transmission:
_______________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
_____________shared by intravenous drug abusers
_____________(more common in underdeveloped countries)
Drugs cannot cure _____, but they can slow its progress
Most drugs target processes unique to retroviral replication

42. How do vaccines work?
Immunization: _________________________ ____________________________________
Vaccine: ______________________________
The first vaccine was developed in the late 1700s, a result of desperate attempts to survive devastating ________epidemics
Survivor of smallpox

43. How do vaccines work?