1. ARCH 408 LANDSCAPE DESIGN
History of Gardens

2. Beginning of Landscape Design
The history of landscape started based on
agricultural productivity
symbolic approach to the Universe
The gardens that were created reflected
The structure of the society
The relationship of society to nature

3. In time, essentially two systems of landscape design evolved
The role of plants and gardens in the city and countryside varied according to climate and attitude.
In time, essentially two systems of landscape design evolved
Based on geometry
Based on nature and symbolism

4. Gardens….. an idealized paradise garden a protected shaded retreat
a vast expression of geometry and mathematical proportions
an expression of nature
a botanical collection

5. Origin of the word Garden
The meaning of the word garden can be traced to the Hebrew
gan - to protect or defend, implying a fence or an enclosure and
oden or eden, meaning pleasure or delight.
meaning the enclosure of land for pleasure and delight.

6. From the History Hanging Gardens of Babylon Persian Garden
Italian Garden
French Baroque
Mughal garden
English Gardens
Japanese Gardens

7. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Hanging Gardens were supposedly built around 600 BC, along the banks of the Euphrates River in Babylon.
It is the second oldest wonder of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens to please his homesick wife, Amytis of Media who missed the trees and fragrant plants of Persia.
Constructed inside the palace walls, the gardens were built in a series of platforms, or terraces, that created a structure 400 feet long, 400 feet wide, and 380 feet high.

9. Wandering paths and a series of steps connected the various levels.
The gardens were a land of greenery, with flowering plants, and waterfalls.
It collapsed with a variety of earthquakes that happened after the 1st century B.C.

10. Persian Garden
Much later about 500 BC, the kings of Persia created lavish formal gardens for delight, love, health and luxury.
These early attempts of garden design have over a considerable period of time led to two major prototypes – The Italian Garden and the Mughal Garden

11. Characteristics Gardens of pleasure, for relaxation and enjoyment.
The fundamental layout of all Persian garden is the division of space into four quadrants.
Tend to be rectangular and formal.
Flowers, birds, color, fragrances, and sounds (water, birds)
Shades provided refuge from the sun.
Enclosed and walled sometimes with small buildings, pavilions and kiosks.

12. Eg. Alhambra Palace garden in Granada, Spain, build during 14th century.

13. Italian Gardens Intersecting formal lines Result of hot climate led to
Shaded alley or walkways
Water features
Geometrically patterned beds are a distinct element of the Italian style.
Italian gardens had few flowers and were designed to be inspiring all year round.
The plants were primarily evergreens for texture and shape, often in manicured topiary.
Had statues.

15. French Baroque gardens
Influenced by Italian Gardens.
Retains the elements of geometric design and parterre (bed) gardening

16. Water features and fountains remain important with highly styled elements.
Color is introduced to the designs.
Stairs and balustrades are also incorporated to change from one terraced area to another

17. Expansive vista and topiary hedges remain critical elements.
Less sculptures is present.

18. Mughal garden
Mughal is the dynasty founded by Babur in India during the 16th century.
Mughal gardens were inspired from Persian gardens.
Most Mughal gardens are ‘charbaghs’ means a rectangular plot divided into 4 quarters and a pavilion of tomb in the center.
Best Example Mughal garden is Taj Mahal Garden.

19. The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element, the tomb, is located at the end of the garden.
Raised pathways divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds.
A raised marble water tank is at the center of the garden.

21. English Garden
English formal garden was heavily influenced by both French and Italian gardens.
With more formal approach of geometry.

22. English landscape parks
Estate “Parks” was introduced from early 18th century.
This removed much of the formal gardens in favor of a natural design with streams and lawns.
The English garden presented an idealized view of nature.

23. Usually included lake sweeps of gently rolling lawns groves of trees
recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture
designed to recreate a rustic landscape.

24. Eg. Blenheim palace in the center of a large undulating park.

25. Japanese gardens
The art of Japanese gardens dates back to at least 592 AD, during the reign of Empress Suiko.
These early gardens were very well developed.

26. Types of Japanese gardens
Garden design has been an important Japanese art for many centuries.
Hill gardens (Tsukiyama Gardens )
Dry gardens/ Zen gardens (Karesansui Gardens )
Tea gardens (Chaniwa Gardens )
Stroll garden

27. Hill garden
Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges and paths are used to create a miniature reproduction of a natural scenery which is often a famous landscape in Japan.

28. Zen gardens
Zen gardens reproduce natural landscapes in a more abstract way.
Uses stones, gravel, sand and sometimes a few patches of moss for representing mountains, islands, boats, seas and rivers.
These gardens are strongly influenced by Zen Buddhism and are used for meditation.

29. Tea garden
The tea house the heart of the Tea garden's design which are built for the tea ceremony.
Is designed in aesthetic simplicity according to the concepts of tea ceremony.

30. Elements of Tea Garden Stepping stones that lead towards the tea house
stone lanterns
stone basin where guests purify themselves before participating in the ceremony.
Japanese tea gardens now comprise of two parts:
The outer section where guests wait for the master to appear.
The inner section contains the tea house itself.

31. Stroll garden
Creation of a series of views and experiences in the garden.
Ideally it followed a clockwise route around an irregularly shaped lake.
Was laid out with bends and turns such that the whole garden could not be seen at anyone time.
Each view was carefully composed and framed.

32. Buildings, villa, the teahouse, the temple, and bridges and other garden structures featured unobtrusively in these views, as did rocks, pebble beaches, and planting.
The path, itself, would consist of various materials and forms: gravel, cobbles, stepping-stones.

33. Elements of Japanese gardens
Stone lanterns
Stone wash basins
Japanese bridges
Sand, rock and stone
Pavilions or pagodas
Tufted moss
Bonsai