1. 9/17 Warm-up
What caused the major difficulties in uniting ancient Greeks under a single government?
The size of the region
The geography of the region
The independent nature of the people
All of the above
What was the direct cause of Athens’ gradual move toward democracy?
Dangers posed by the Persians
The code of laws written by Draco
Fears of major political upheaval/revolts
The teachings of Socrates

2. Alexander the Great

3. The Conquest of Greece:
The Peloponnesian War was over but the Greek city-states had been severely weakened by 27 years of fighting
King Philip II of Macedonia, who had dreamed of taking control of Greece & Persian, took advantage of this to expand his empire
In 338 BC, Philip defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea- ending Greek independence

4. Macedonia
Macedonia was a kingdom of mountain villages just north of Greece
Macedonians called themselves Greeks, but most Greeks saw them as uncivilized foreigners
In 359 BC, Philip II became king of Macedonia.

5. The Conquest of Greece
Philip was assassinated before he could conquer Persia…

6. Alexander Becomes King
This would be accomplished by his son, Alexander, who would later became known as Alexander the Great

7. Alexander’s Early Life
Although Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king, he was well-prepared to lead:
He had been tutored by Aristotle in politics, geography, science and literature
He had received military training since he was a young boy

8. Alexander Defeats Persia: Invasion of Persia
Goal: To carry out his father’s plan to conquer Persia
Action: Led soldiers across Hellespont into Anatolia
Result:
Smashed Persian defenses at Granicus River
Alarmed Persian king, Darius III, raised a huge army for revenge…

9. Goal: to use the element of surprise to overcome the Persians since Alexander realized that he was outnumbered
Action: Alexander launched a surprise attack against the Persians at Issus
Result: He gained control over Anatolia

10. Alexander Defeats Persia: Conquering the Persian Empire
Goal: To conquer the entire Persian Empire
Action: Alexander rejected Darius’ peace settlement of all Persian lands west of the Euphrates River
Result: He marched into Egypt where he was welcomed as a liberator and crowned pharaoh

11. Alexander Defeats Persia: Conquering the Persian Empire
Alexander now reigned as the unchallenged ruler of Southwest Asia, but he still wanted to expand his empire even more…

12. Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander in India
Goal: To expand his empire eastward into India
Action: Alexander led his army into the Indus Valley
Result: He won a fierce battle against Indian army, but this severely exhausted his troops and weakened their morale, so they returned to Babylon

14. End of the Empire Death at an Early Age
Unfortunately, he did not get to enjoy this empire for long…

15. End of the Empire Death at an Early Age
Unfortunately, he did not get to enjoy this empire for long…
323 BC: Alexander died at the age of 32

16. End of the Empire Death at an Early Age
Unfortunately, he did not get to enjoy this empire for long…
323 BC: Alexander died at the age of 32
The BIG Problem: He died without naming an heir

17. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle

18. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire

19. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus

20. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece

21. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Kingdom of Seleucus
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece

22. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Kingdom of Seleucus
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece
Seleucus ruled Persian Empire

23. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Kingdom of Seleucus
Kingdom Ptolemy
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece
Seleucus ruled Persian Empire

24. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Kingdom of Seleucus
Kingdom Ptolemy
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece
Seleucus ruled Persian Empire
Ptolemy ruled Egypt

25. End of the Empire: A Power Struggle
After his death, 3 of his generals divided the empire
Result:
Kingdom of Antigonus
Kingdom of Seleucus
Kingdom Ptolemy
Antigonus became king of Macedonia and Greece
Seleucus ruled Persian Empire
Ptolemy ruled Egypt
These generals ruled as kings…
City-state or polis was no longer the main political unit; replaced by kingdoms
Traditional Greek democracy gave way to monarchy

26. Warm-up
The governments of ancient Greek city-states (A)allowed citizens to participate (B)were based on military rule (C)were based on wealth (D)took a variety of forms
A major cause of the decline of Greece was
(A)plague and famine
(B)the Peloponnesian War
(C)the Persian Wars
(D)corrupt government

27. 9/18 Warm-Up (Don’t forget: Ch. 5 quiz next Tuesday!)
At the center of Greek life was the ___—a city state in ancient Greece.
A. Town
B. Acropolis
C. Polis
D. Village
A series of leading questions asked to help students make their own discoveries is known as:
A. The Republic
B. The Socratic Method
C. The Scientific Method
D. First version of the game ‘20 questions’

28. Alexander’s Legacy: Why “the Great”?

29. Alexander’s Legacy: Why “the Great”?
In 10 years, Alexander created the largest empire in the world up to that time

30. Alexander’s Legacy: Why “the Great”?
He contributed to the spread of a new Hellenistic culture

31. Alexander’s Legacy
As Alexander expanded his empire, he brought Classical Greek culture, or Hellenic culture, to those he conquered

32. Alexander’s Legacy
As the people of Greece, Egypt, Persia, India and all the lands in between mixed together and shared ideas, this Hellenic culture was blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultures

33. Alexander encouraged this blending by:
Marrying 2 Persian princesses and encouraging his soldiers to marry Persians

34. Appointing officials from various cultures to help rule
Building dozens of new cities and encouraging Greek settlers to move into them

35. The Result: A new Greek-like, or Hellenistic culture, emerged and spread throughout the empire

36. The Result: A new Greek-like, or Hellenistic culture, emerged and spread throughout the empire “Hellenic” means Greek

37. The Result: A new Greek-like, or Hellenistic culture, emerged and spread throughout the empire “Hellenic” means Greek “Hellenistic” means Greek-like

38. The Result: A new Greek-like, or Hellenistic culture, emerged and spread throughout the empire “Hellenic” means Greek “Hellenistic” means Greek-like Hellenistic culture= a blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian cultures

39. The Hellenistic World Alexandria:Center for Trade & Cultural Diversity
Alexandria —Egyptian city became center of Hellenistic civilization

40. The Hellenistic World Alexandria:Center for Trade & Cultural Diversity
Alexandria —Egyptian city became center of Hellenistic civilization
Located at mouth of Nile, where it meets the Mediterranean

41. The Hellenistic World Alexandria:Center for Trade & Cultural Diversity
Alexandria —Egyptian city became center of Hellenistic civilization
Located at mouth of Nile, where it meets the Mediterranean
Ideal location for trade

42. The Hellenistic World Alexandria:Center for Trade & Cultural Diversity
Alexandria —Egyptian city became center of Hellenistic civilization
Located at mouth of Nile, where it meets the Mediterranean
Ideal location for trade
Harbor once busiest in world

43. Alexandria’s Attractions: Lighthouse, called the Pharos, stood over 350 feet tall

44. Alexandria’s Attractions
Museum contained art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, dining hall; an institute of advanced study

45. Alexandria’s Attractions:
Library held masterpieces of ancient literature; supported scholars