1. Chapter 10, 11, 12 Evolution 10: Principles of Evolution
11: The Evolution of Populations
12: The History of Life
All information for this powerpoint was retrieved from McDougall Littell Biology book by Stephen Nowicki copyright 2008 by McDougall Littell a Houghton Mifflin Company
Some of the notes slides were retrieved from the power presentation slides from the Pwer presentation CD ROM from McDougall Littell.

2. Warm up (4-4-16)
What does the word evolution mean? Provide an example where you have heard the word evolution used.

3. Outline
Objectives
Evolution Notes
Background information

4. Objectives
Students will be able to identify the difference between sex cells and somatic cells and explain why these two types of cells are different.
Students will be able to identify the steps in meiosis and explain what is occurring to the chromosomes at each step

5. Warm up (4-5-16)
Explain what natural selection is and why this idea is so important.

6. Outline Objectives DNA review Evolution and Population ecology
Population game

7. Objectives
Students will be able to identify the difference between sex cells and somatic cells and explain why these two types of cells are different.
Students will be able to identify the steps in meiosis and explain what is occurring to the chromosomes at each step

8. Evolution
There were theories of biological and geologic change before Darwin
Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution
Evolution- process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
**Read through discussing the scientists**

9. Scientific Language Modern Language Scientific Language
Theory: contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking or the results of such thinking
Hypothesis: proposed explanation for a phenomenon
Scientific Language
Theory: well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation
Hypothesis: proposed explanation to a scientific question that can be tested using the scientific method

10. Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory
Fossils in deeper layers of the rocks were different than the top layers
Catastrophism – natural disasters have happened often during Earth’s history
Shaped landforms, caused extinctions
Gradualism – changes in landforms resulted from slow changes over a long period of time
Gradualism is often used to mean the gradual change of a species through evolution

11. Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory
Uniformitarianism – the geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform through time
Charles Lyell
Influenced Darwin

12. What do you notice about the shells of the tortoises in these pictures?

13. http://upload. wikimedia

14. Darwin’s Observations
Darwin’s voyage provided insights into evolution
Darwin observed differences among island species
Variation – difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
Either in members of different species or among individuals of the same species.
Adaptation – a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment
Can lead to genetic change in a population over time

15. Artificial Selection
Are there specific dogs that are bred together to get another specific breed?
Labradoodle
Chug

16. Warm up (4-6-16)
What are the four main principles to the theory of natural selection? Provide a summary for each of the four main principles.

17. Outline
Objectives
Jigsaw Ch. 11
Read and take notes

18. Objectives
Students will be able to identify the difference between sex cells and somatic cells and explain why these two types of cells are different.
Students will be able to identify the steps in meiosis and explain what is occurring to the chromosomes at each step

19. Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient Earth
Darwin’s idea for Natural selection
Artificial selection: humans make use of genetic variation in plants and animals by acting as the selective agent
Natural selection: individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals

20. Natural Selection explains how evolution can occur
Variation
Overproduction
Adaptation
Descent with Modification

21. Variation Heritable differences that exist in every population
Basis for natural selection
Can be inherited from parents or genetic mutation

22. Overproduction
Increased competition between offspring for resources

23. Adaptation
Certain variation allows an individual to survive better than others
More successful individuals are “naturally selected” to live longer and produce more offspring

24. Descent with Modification
Natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival and reproduction in an environment
More individuals will have the trait in following generations as long as environment is beneficial for that trait.

25. Natural Selection acts on existing variation
Fitness: measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment.
Natural selection acts on phenotypes, physical traits, not on the genetic material itself.
New alleles are not made by natural selection – they occur by genetic mutations

26. POPULATION GAME!!!!!!!!!
**** look through old binders to find the population game******
Get poker chips from home!

27. DNA and mutations DNA- composed of nucleotides, double helix structure
Each nucleotide has 3 parts
Phosphate group
Ring-shaped sugar (deoxyribose)
Nitrogen-containing base
A,T,C, and G are the 4 bases of DNA
Adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine
A=T, C=G (They always pair the same way)
Due to the sizes of the bases and the ability to form hydrogen bonds with eachother

28. DNA - Replication Replication
Enzymes unzip the double helix in two directions at the same time (break hydrogen bonds between bases)
Free-floating nucleotides pair with the bases on the template strands (DNA polymerase bonds nucleotides together to form complementary strands)
One strand is continuous, the other is discontinuous
Two identical molecules of DNA result
Each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule and one new strand
Semiconservative replication

29. QUICK LAB!! Replication Procedure Analyze and Conclude
Using two zipping plastic bags to model how complementary strands of DNA attach to template strands during replication
Procedure
Cut the sliding zippers off both bags. One zipper represents the template strands of a DNA molecule.
Cut the other zipper into four smaller pieces and unzip each of them. These represent free nucleotides. Don’t worry about which nucleotide is which in this activity.
Use the pieces to model replication as shown on page 237
Analyze and Conclude
What are the limitation of this model?

30. DNA - Transcription RNA carries DNA’s instructions DNA to mRNA
Makes 3 types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
mRNA – messenger RNA – intermediate message that is translated to form a protein
rRNA – ribosomal RNA – forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories
tRNA – transfer RNA – brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein

31. DNA - Transcription
Transcription complex (RNA polymerase and other proteins) recognize the start of a gene and begin to unwind the DNA
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template. RNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs with the DNA template
RNA strand hangs freely as it is transcribed. Then the DNA strand closes back together
Completed RNA strand separates from the DNA template and the transcription complex falls apart

32. DNA - Translation Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences
RNA to protein
Translation – process that converts, or translates an mRNA message into a polypeptide.
Codon: 3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

33. http://www. biology. iupui. edu/biocourses/N100/images/13translation

34. DNA - Translation
Exposed codon in the first site attracts a complementary tRNA carrying an amino acid. The tRNA anticodon pairs with the mRNA codon, bringing it very close to the other tRNA molecule
Ribosome forms a peptide bond between the two amino acids and breaks the bond between the first tRNA and its amino acid
The ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of one codon. The first tRNA is shifted into the exit site, where it leaves the ribosome and returns to the cytoplasm to recharge. The first site is again empty, exposing the next mRNA codon.

35. DNA - Translation
Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide or protein
Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences
Amino acids are linked to become a protein

36. Gene Expression and Regulation
Gene expression is carefully regulated in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription
Promoter: DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed
Operon: region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task.

38. Gene Expression and Regulation
Eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at many points
Starting Transcription : TATA box (promoter)
mRNA processing: splice out the introns, exons segments that code for parts of the protein are expressed, add a cap and a tail to the mRNA
Mutations: changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype

39. Mutations
Some mutations affect a single gene while other affect an entire chromosome
Gene mutations:
Point mutation: one nucleotide is substituted for another
Frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
Page 252 look at the bottom of the page and figure 8.20
Chromosomal mutations: gene duplication, gene translocation

40. Mutations May or may not affect phenotype
Mutations can be caused by several factors
Replication errors
mutagens

41. JigSaw chapter 11
In your table groups, read through your assigned section of chapter 11.
You will need to take notes on that whole section.
You will be presenting your notes to the rest of the class tomorrow.
Please remember to look for key words (highlighted, bold, section headings, key concepts)

42. Warm up (4-7-16)
Explain what the purpose of the populations game is.

43. Outline
Objectives
Jigsaw Ch. 11
Present notes

44. Objectives
Students will be able to identify the difference between sex cells and somatic cells and explain why these two types of cells are different.
Students will be able to identify the steps in meiosis and explain what is occurring to the chromosomes at each step

45. JigSaw chapter 11
In your table groups, read through your assigned section of chapter 11.
You will need to take notes on that whole section.
You will be presenting your notes to the rest of the class tomorrow.
Please remember to look for key words (highlighted, bold, section headings, key concepts)

46. Finish Population Simulation
Need to finish population simulation questions and turn in!!!!

47. Evolution Video

48. Warm up (4-8-16)
Explain what a population is and how that relates to evolution?

49. Outline Objectives Jigsaw Ch. 11 Present notes
DNA transcription, translation, replication video

50. Objectives
Students will identify the differences between artificial and natural selection.
Students will explain the ideas that led to Darwin’s theory of evolution.

51. JigSaw chapter 11
In your table groups, read through your assigned section of chapter 11.
You will need to take notes on that whole section.
You will be presenting your notes to the rest of the class tomorrow.
Please remember to look for key words (highlighted, bold, section headings, key concepts)

52. Present Jigsaw Notes

53. Evolution Video

54. Transcription, Translation, Replication

55. Warm up ( )
Explain what causes adaptations and what adaptations are.

56. Outline
Objectives
Read 12.3

57. Objectives
Students will read about the origin of life and develop a summary for how life came to be.

58. Warm up ( )
Explain what the difference is between artificial and natural selection.

59. Outline
Objectives
Survival is just a roll of the dice

60. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.

61. Warm up ( )
Explain how humans can impact the growth and survival of animal populations. Identify whether this is a bad thing or a good thing and give a reason why you said it is either bad or good. (Could human limitation of populations ever be beneficial?)

62. Outline Objectives Survival is just a roll of the dice
12.6 Primate Evolution

63. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

64. Chapter 11 Review
Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive
Genetic variation comes from several sources
Natural selection acts on distributions of traits
Natural selection can change distribution of a trait in one of three ways
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection

65. Warm up ( )
Explain the three major types of selection are when dealing with natural selection of traits within a population.

66. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 11 notes
11.3 SRQ #1-5

67. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

68. Chapter 11 Review
Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations
Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to chance
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Sexual selection occurs when certain traits increase mating success
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not evolving

69. Chapter 11 Review
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to predict genotype frequencies in a population
P.341
There are five factors that can lead to evolution
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation
Sexual Selection
Natural Selection

70. Warm up ( )
What is the difference between the founder effect and the bottleneck effect?

71. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

72. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

73. Chapter 11 Review The isolation of populations can lead to speciation
Populations can become isolated in several ways
Behavioral barriers
Geographic isolation
Temporal isolation
Evolution through natural selection is not random
Convergent and divergent evolution
Species can shape each other over time
Species can become extinct
Speciation often occurs in patterns

74. Read 12.3 – The Origin of Life
Read through this section.
When you finish reading through this section. In your notes you will need to write a summary of what this section of the book was talking about and explaining.

75. Survival is just a roll of the dice
For this activity, you will be working with a partner. You will need dice for each pair. Read through the directions on the worksheet and you will work your way through the rounds to show the survival of a wolf pack and how humans can impact the survival of organisms.
When you finish recording your data in the table, you will need to answer the analysis questions. Please use complete sentences.

76. 12.6 Read – Primate Evolution
Partner read through this section. When you are finished, please get out your notes.

77. Warm up ( )
What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

78. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

79. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

80. Warm up ( )
Explain the concept of genetic drift. Provide an example of genetic drift in your answer.

81. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

82. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

83. Warm up ( )
What are the 5 factors that can lead to evolution within a population? Explain those 5 factors in detail.
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation
Sexual selection
Natural selection

84. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

85. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

86. Warm up ( )
What are some advantages and disadvantages of isolation of a species?
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation
Sexual selection
Natural selection

87. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

88. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

89. Warm up ( )
Explain the four main types of isolation that can happen within a population that leads to speciation?
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation
Sexual selection
Natural selection

90. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

91. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

92. Warm up ( )
Explain genetic drift in detail and how this process can occur within a population.

93. Outline Objectives Ch. 11 quizzes Read 12.5-12.6
12.6 Primate Evolution SRQ all
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

94. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

95. When you finish your quiz…
Read 12.5 – 12.6
12.6 SRQ #1-6
What you do not finish in class will be homework!!

96. Warm up ( )
Explain how adaptations can lead to speciation over time.

97. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

98. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

99. Warm up ( )
Explain what you think endosymbiosis is. Then, use your book to look up the definition and write it below what your idea was.

100. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

101. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

102. Chapter 12 Notes Read through the section summaries on page 386
In your composition notebooks, you need to write your own summaries for at least the sections that we have covered (12.1, )
Please do not just copy word for word from the summary already written in the book.

103. Warm up ( )
What evidence exists to support the endosymbiotic origins of eukaryotic cells?
The endosymbiotic theory is based on mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes. Both structures have characteristics (such as their own DNA and the ability to self-replicate) of independent prokaryotes

104. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

105. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

106. Warm up ( )
Explain what you think ecology is. Look in your book to find the definition and write it below your idea.

107. Outline Objectives 12.6 Primate Evolution
Natural Selection and Adaptation Video

108. Objectives
Students will participate in a simulation game where they will observe the effects of humans on a population of wolves.
Students will explain the factors that determine survival.
Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship between primates and humans, and how humans and primates share a common ancestor.

109. 12.6 Primate Evolution Humans appeared late in Earth’s history
Humans share a common ancestor with other primates
Primates: make up a category of mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward-looking eyes and enlarged brains relative to body size
Primate Evolution:
Prosimians- oldest living primate group and most are small and active at night
Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

110. 12.6 Primate Evolution Primate Evolution:
Anthropoids – humanlike primates, are subdivided into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids
P. 380
Hominids – walk upright, have long lower limbs, thumbs that oppose the other four fingers, and relatively large brains.

111. 12.6 Primate Evolution Walking upright
Bipedal – animals that can walk on two legs.
Allows higher reach into tree branches while foraging, frees the hands for foraging, carrying young and food, and using tools
There are many fossils of extinct hominids
Read through p. 382 as a class**

112. Modern humans arose about 100,000 years ago
Culture influenced human evolution
Tools show sophistication and usefulness
Human Brain evolution
Enlarging skull and brain size
Read through the study on page 383**

113. Natural Selection and Adaptation Video
During the video, please take notes. You will be turning in these notes for a grade.

114. Warm up (5-2-16)
Explain what you remember about Chapter 12 (Think about the fossil record, geologic time scale, origin of life, early single-celled organisms, and primate evolution)

115. Outline
Objectives
Evolution Videos

116. Objectives
Students will watch videos on the birth and death of genes and natural selection in humans
Students will be able to explain how natural selection in humans has led to the differences in appearance that we can see in current populations.

117. The Birth and Death of Genes
During this video you will learn about Icefish and how their specific adaptations have helped them to thrive.
You will need to take notes on this video and turn them in when the video is over.

118. Natural Selection in Humans
During this video you will determine the connection between sickle cell anemia and malaria in human populations.
You will need to take notes on the video and you will turn them in when the video is over.

119. Warm up (5-3-16)
Describe how natural selection is not random, but mutations are random.

120. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 12 Review Questions

121. Objectives
Students will answer review questions regarding the origin of life and the evolution of primates.
Students will be able to explain several hypotheses for the origin of life and how humans evolved throughout history.

122. Chapter 12 Review Questions
Page387
You each will be responsible for answering your own questions on your own piece of paper.
You may discuss the answers with your group if there are questions that you don’t understand or that you are confused on but you each need to write down your own answers on your own piece of paper.

123. Warm up (5-4-16)
Explain what bipedal movement is and how this is an advantageous trait.

124. Outline
Objectives
Chapter 12 Review Questions

125. Objectives
Students will answer review questions regarding the origin of life and the evolution of primates.
Students will be able to explain several hypotheses for the origin of life and how humans evolved throughout history.

126. Chapter 12 Review Questions
Page387
You each will be responsible for answering your own questions on your own piece of paper.
You may discuss the answers with your group if there are questions that you don’t understand or that you are confused on but you each need to write down your own answers on your own piece of paper.

127. Warm up (5-5-16)
Explain what you think population dynamics are. Give some examples of factors that might affect population size. (Think about the deer game)

128. Outline
Objectives
Prepare for population dynamics lab

129. Objectives Students will prepare for the population dynamics lab
Students will gather necessary equipment and prepare necessary solutions to complete the lab.

130. Population Dynamics Lab
We need to prepare for the population dynamics lab!
Read through the procedure as a class
Get materials set up
Discuss timeline
What will class look like for next week?