1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

2. There are many forms of asexual reproduction
All have 3 things in common
Only one parent involved
All offspring are genetically identical to the parent
This means they contain identical DNA
The cell(s) that produce the offspring are not specialized for reproduction

3. Methods of asexual reproduction
**Remember that the parent DNA is first duplicated so that** the offspring receives an identical copy
Binary Fission
Organism splits into 2 equal-sized offspring
Occurs primarily in single celled organisms
Is the usual method of reproduction for bacteria and protists

6. Budding Offspring begins as a growth (called a bud) on the parent
Once bud has developed to point where can survive on own, it detaches
Occurs in both single and multi-celled organisms
Offspring is not physically identical to parent, but is genetically identical

8. Spore Formation Organism produces spore cells
Cells that are some-what specialized for reproduction
Spores are spread by the elements (wind, water, etc.)
If a spore lands in a favourable environment it will develop into a new organism.

10. http://www. youtube. com/watch

11. Fragmentation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXeWxxfD4
Pieces (fragments) of the parent body break off
The fragments then grow into whole, new organisms
Eg. Starfish and flatworms

13. Vegetative Reproduction
Occurs only in plants
Special stems are sent out
Offspring emerge from these stems at specific intervals
Stems travel on the surface  runners
Stems travel underground  rhizomes
Eg. Spider plants

15. Outcome of asexual reproduction
Clone – identical offspring produced by
asexual reproduction
How could having populations of entirely identical organisms be beneficial?
How could it be harmful?

16. Human Assisted Cloning
Humans use all the asexual cloning methods in order to produce desired results with organisms. This is done in several ways:
Reproductive cloning - purpose is to produce a genetic duplicate of an existing or dead organism. Steps involved:
Remove nucleus from an egg cell
A mammary gland cell is removed from an adult female
Electricity fuses mammary and egg cell
Fused cell begins dividing
Dividing embryo is inserted into surrogate mother

17. Human Assisted Cloning
Therapeutic cloning - purpose is to correct health problems
Very important to therapeutic cloning are stem cells - cells that can become different types of cells
Stem cells can be used to replace cells damaged from injuries or disease
Diabetes, spinal injuries, Parkinson’s disease are only a few that can benefit from stem cell therapy
Controversial because the best stem cells are from embryos which are destroyed when harvesting cells
Mouse Stem Cells

18. Review Questions
Complete the Check Your Understanding questions page 183 #1-14
Complete the Chapter Review page #1-26

19. Oysters are a major part of the diet of starfish
Oysters are a major part of the diet of starfish. Because of this, people who catch oysters for a living used to try to kill starfish by cutting them up and throwing them back into the sea. Why might this practice not reduce the numbers of starfish?