1. Carole Nowicke, Ph.D. www.drugs.indiana.edu
Drugs 101 Hallucinogens
Carole Nowicke, Ph.D.

2. What are Hallucinogens?
Substances that make you hallucinate?
Not necessarily

3. What are Hallucinogens?
Substances that make you hallucinate?
Not necessarily
Definitions
Hallucinogens
Dissociative Drugs
(for the most part, anesthetics)

4. What are Hallucinogens?
Amanita mushrooms (muscimol)
Psilocybe mushrooms (psilocybin)
Peyote & other cacti (contain mescaline)
Datura (Jimson weed) & Angel trumpet (Brugmansia)
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Salvia divorinum
Morning Glory (d-lysergic acid amide)
Nutmeg

5. Amanita muscaria the “magic mushroom” or “fly agaric”
Alice talks to the caterpillar sitting on the mushroom. He tells her that eating one side will make her taller, and the other side make her shorter
Found throughout the U.S.
Muscimol is the primary psychoactive alkaloid
Dissociative
(Amanita muscaria. Tim Bekaert, 2005)

6. Psilocybe Mushrooms
Psilocybe cubensis typically contains 1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried mushroom
40 mcg/kg intoxicates
3 to 4 hour duration
Small brown mushrooms that stain blue to the touch
Usually cultivated, but also gathered in warm climates

7. Mescaline Hallucinogenic alkaloid (phenethylamine) Synthesized in 1919
Found naturally in peyote and other cacti

8. Peyote (contains mescaline)
Lophophoria williamsii contains 1.5% mescaline (b-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine)
3mg/kg potent intoxication
Up to 8 to 10 hour duration
Continued religious use by indigenous people
Peyote button displayed by unidentified Native American man, (AP Photo. Albuquerque Jnl, Richard Pipes)

9. Trichocereus species
Most popular source of non-sacramental mescaline in the U.S. isn’t peyote…
Can be found in any plant store

10. Datura stramonium Leaves typically cut and smoked
Contains atropine, scopalomine, and…
Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S.
Occasional report of death by ingestion of root
Many other sources for atropine
and scopalomine
Member of Nightshade family
“Jimson weed”

11. Angel’s Trumpet, Brugmansia

12. LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
Synthesized in Switzerland in 1938 by Albert Hofmann at Sandoz
Originally found in ergot fungus
Acts on serotonin receptors
“Acid”
“Blotter acid”
“Window pane”
“Condom” acid, pills and powder, DEA
8jan2006

13. Salvia divinorum
Many other Salvia species may also contain psychoactive chemicals. “Salvinorin A”
Related to sage plants and the mint family
Does not grow in the United States naturally, but can readily be cultivated. Of Mexican origin
First reported in 1962 but popularity increased via Internet. Not a controlled substance but US military and certain jurisdictions are concerned about it
From DEA website:
Salvia Divinorum, ska Maria Pastora, Salvia   (Salvinorin A, Divinorin A)
Introduction
Salvia Divinorum is a perenial herb in the mint family native to certain areas of the Sierra Mazateca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. It is one of 500 species of Salvia in the New World is in similar to the sage plant. The plant grows in large groupings to well over 3 feet in height. It’s large green leaves, hollow square stems and flowers are it's characteristic features. S. Divinorum is one of several vision-inducing plants employed by the Mazatec Indians
There has been a recent interest among young adults and adolescents to re-discover ethnobotanical plants that can induce changes in perception, hallucinations, or other psychologically-induced changes. Since S. Divinorum, or any of its active ingredients are not  specifically listed in the Controlled Substances Act, some on-line botanical companies and drug promotional sites have advertised Salvia as a legal alternative to other plant hallucinogens like mescaline. The plant material is smoked for the induction of "mystical" or hallucinogenic experiences.
Chemistry/Pharmacology
"Salvinorin A" the active component of S. Divinorum, is most effective when vaporized and inhaled. Chemically, Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane diterpene, a psychotropic terpenoid. The grouping of psychoactive plants containing terpenoid essential oils includes Salvia Divinorum, Wormwood (Absinth), and Cannabis Sativa (tetrahydrocannabinols, THC). Divinorin A was chemically characterized by Valdes et al., in 1984, however Ortega et al., (1982) had previously characterized the same substance and called it Salvinorin A and thus, out of convention, the psychoactive substance should be called Salvinorin A. A dose of 200 to 500 micrograms produces profound hallucinations when smoked. Its’ effects in the open field test in mice and locomotor activity tests in rats are similar to mescaline. Salvinorin A’s action in the brain are not well elucidated. However, recent tissue testing (in vitro assays) have suggested that Salvinorin A may act at the kappa opiate receptor site, but functional assays are lacking to determine the exact mechanism of action of this drug substance.
Illicit Uses
Salvia is being smoked to induce hallucinations, the diversity of which are described by its users to be similar to those induced by ketamine, mescaline, or psilocybin. It is being widely touted on internet sites aimed at young adults and adolescents eager to experiment with these types of substances.
User Population
The user populations, thus far, seems limited to younger adults and adolescents influenced by the promotion of the drug on internet sites
Illicit distributed
Salvia Divinorum is grown domestically and imported from Mexico, and Central and South America.
Control status
Salvia Divinorum, Salvinorin A, and Divinorin A are not listed in the Controlled Substances Act.
Comments and additional information are welcomed by the Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, FAX or telephone

14. d-Lysergic Acid Amide Argyria Argyria nervosa Ipomoea species
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
4-8 seeds ingested
Ipomoea species
Morning Glory
5-10 grams of seeds

15. Nutmeg
Mild hallucinogen at 1-4 teaspoons, higher doses, over 5 tsp. or 25 grams can cause “nutmeg poisoning”
Facebook and MySpace groups devoted to getting high on nutmeg

16. Dissociative Drugs Dissociative Drugs PCP (phencyclidine) Ketamine
Dextromethorphan

17. PCP (phencyclidine)
Originally developed as a general anesthetic in the 1950s by Parke Davis
Distorts perceptions and produces feelings of detachment
Alters distribution of neurotranmitter glutamate
“Angel Dust”

18. Ketamine (“Special K”)
Anesthetic developed to replace PCP, manufactured by Pfizer
Used in human and veterinary medicine
Injected or dried and snorted
Feelings of floating, or sometimes terrifying “bad trip” called “K hole”
“Vitamin K”
“K”
“Bump”

19. DXM (dextromethorphan)
Cough suppressant
(Also used to boost effects of analgesics for severe pain)
Typical dose mg. for cough
4 or more ounces may cause distorted visual perceptions, similar effects to PCP and Ketamine
“Robo”
Internet groups to discuss “Robo-ing”

20. Statistics on Use National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2004 & 2005)
Monitoring the Future (National Survey) (2005)
Indiana ATOD Survey (2006)
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)

21. NSDUH Hallucinogen Statistics
Percentages of Past Year Hallucinogen Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age Group: 2004 and 2005

22. NSDUH Hallucinogen Statistics
Age Group
Percent
12 to 17
2.8%
18 to 25
6.2%
26 to 34
2.1%
35 to 49
0.5%
50 or Older
0.1%
Percentages of Past Year Hallucinogen Use among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age Group: 2004 and 2005

23. NSDUH Hallucinogen Statistics
Percentages of Past Year Use of Specific Types of Hallucinogens among Recent Hallucinogen Initiates* Aged 12 or Older, by Gender: 2004 and 2005

24. Monitoring the Future Hallucinogens 2005
Psychedelics
2.4
4.0
5.5
LSD
1.2
1.5
1.8
Others
2.0
3.5
5.0

25. Indiana ATOD Annual Use Hallucinogens 2006
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Psychedelics
0.4
1.1
2.1
3.1
3.7
4.2
4.5
LSD
0.3
0.8
1.7
2.4
2.9
Others
0.2
0.6
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.2

26. DAWN ER Visits for DXM, 2004
In 2004, an estimated 12,584 ER visits (0.7% of all drug related emergency department visits) involved pharmaceuticals containing dextromethorphan.
The rate of ER visits resulting from nonmedical use of dextromethorphan for those aged 12 to 20 was 7.1 visits per 100,000 population compared with 2.6 visits or fewer per 100,000 for other age groups.
ER patients aged 12 to 20 accounted for almost half (48%) of all the ER visits resulting from nonmedical use of dextromethorphan.
The rates of DAWN ER visits resulting from any use of dextromethorphan among those aged 12 to 20 was 10.3 per 100,000 population compared with 4.3 visits per 100,000 for the population overall.
Alcohol was implicated in about a third (36%) of emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of dextromethorphan

27. Hallucinogens in ER Visits, 2005
Drug
Drug-Related ER Visits DAWN Hospitals
Cocaine
448, 481
Heroin
164, 572
Ketamine
275
LSD
1,864
PCP
7,535
Misc. hallucinogens
3,792

28. AAPCC Annual Report 2005 662 Substance
Number of human exposures reported to US Poison Control Centers
Hallucinogenic mushrooms
849
Muscarine mushrooms 19
Hallucinogenic plants
355
Solanine plants (nightshade family)
1,166
Ketamine
161
Dextromethorphan (APA/ASA)
67,038.00
Hallucinogens (general, various)
1,924
Mescaline/peyote
102
PCP
662
2005 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poisoning and Exposure Database. Clinical Toxicology, 44: , 2006

29. Sources
Halpern, John. (2003) Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents Naturally Growing in the United States.
IPRC ATOD Survey (2006)
AAPCC Annual Report (2005)
Monitoring the Future
NSDUH. Patterns of Hallucinogen Use and Initiation: 2004 and 2005 (July 5, 2007).
National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
NIDA: Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs.
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) reports

30. Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Thank You !
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
2735 East 10th Street, CA110
Bloomington, IN 47408
Phone: (800)
Fax: (812)
WWW: