Wisnetworks Wireless Broadband Associate (WWBA) Training

Wisnetworks Wireless Broadband Associate (WWBA) Training
- Wisnetworks Support Team Copyright © WISNETWORKS All rights reserved.

Course Outline WWBA Training RF Fundamentals Antenna Fundamentals
Wisnetworks Technologies WWBA Training Course Outline RF Fundamentals Antenna Fundamentals Wireless Features Link Calculations Network Example Wisnetworks Features This is the outline of our course. First we gonna introduce the radio frequency basic concept for newbies gonna involve in the wireless industry. There would be some knowledge for measurement / frequency, and frequency application in most condition. For antenna fundamentals, we gonna introduce some typical antenna forms and features, along with antenna important parameters of antenna.in long rang wireless communication, antenna is the most important for the system performance. So we need to understand the antenna more clearly, and then we can choose appropriate antenna for different cases. Then come to the main part, the wireless feature for technology, also called WiFi. Wisnetworks product is mainly based on WiFi but changed the WiFi with TDMA technology, thus most features are similar to WiFi system. We need to understand how the WiFi system works, what is important features for long range wireless and then help us judge the wireless system is ok your target application or network. After we got the theoretical knowledge, we will start some higher level things, which would make you a truly experienced radio frequency engineer. That is the calculation for the possibility of the long range link. By use some tools provided by wisnetworks. We will also show your some real network examples and ask some trainee to come up and configure the radio due to our network requirement. At last, as the WWBA, we will introduce why we choose Wisnetworks product and the biggest advantages of Wisnetworks compared to other wireless system. Now here we go. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Understanding Basic Unit
Wisnetworks Technologies RF Fundamentals Understanding Basic Unit What is dB? The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values of a physical quantity 3dB calculation method What is dBm? dBm is a radio power measurement unit. 20dBm = 100mw 27dBm = 500mw What is dBi? dBi is a antenna gain measurement unit. What is EIRP? Equivalent isotropically radiated power EIPR(dBm) = Tx power(dBm) + antenna gain (dBi) dB Ratio 50 100 000 40 10 000 30 1 000 20 100 10 6 3.981 3 1.995 (~2) 1 1.259 −1 0.794 −3 0.501 (~1/2) −6 0.251 −10 0.1 −20 0.01 −30 0.001 −40 0.000 1 −50 0.000 01 First let’s understand dB. The db is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio. We can often see this unit in wireless or sound, you can regard this value a division result of real value divide a standard value. For example, if we say the power is 3db higher, that is 2 times higher of one value to another. there are some typical values we need to remember is 3db for 2times, 10 db for 10 times, 20db for 100times. And there is also a calculation for db. Usually we calculate times with multiply, that is 2times * 2times = 4times, if changed to db is using plus, so 2times is 3db, then 3db + 3dB =6db equals to 4times. 2times of 10db would be 10+3db. 10db is 10times, this is also helpful to remember it. 10db + 10db means 10 times * 10times,that is 100 times. Easy? Here we come dbm. Same calculation method, but dBm is unit for wireless power. Usually we need to remember 20dBm = 100mw, and 30dBm for 1000mw. Then half of 30dBm is 30-3 = 27dBm. That is half of 1000mw =500mw. Question: how many mw equals to 23dBm? 26dBm? Another unit is dBi, this is for antenna gain measurement. 3dBi dipole antenna / 15dBi sector antenna we can see a lot of antenna’s spec showing this. It shows the ability of range transmission of antenna. In some document, we can also see the EIRP. This is showing the maximum ability of the radio system, calculated by radio power + antenna gain. The unit is also dBm, since It is a isotropically power, not the real power of the system. In CE regulatory, the 2.4GHz radio system is measured by EIRP of maixmum 20dBm, so the tx Power of the radio + antenna gain can’t exceed this value. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Frequency Characteristic
Wisnetworks Technologies RF Fundamentals Frequency Characteristic 2.4GHz World wide unlicensed band, anyone can use it without license Available from 2.4~2.4835GHz 5GHz Including licensed and unlicensed band due to different countries Normally 5.1~5.8GHz. Wisnetworks: 4.9~6.1GHz Comparison Lower frequency is beneficial to signal propagation and performance. The 2.4Gigahertz is unlicensed for 2.4~2.4835GHz, that means everyone can use it. The 5gigahertz is mostly licensed band, but part of it is unlicensed due to different countries regulatory. The WiFi system is mainly using 5.1~5.8GHz, while wisnetworks radio can support extended frequency for 4.9~6.1GHz. We all know that c=λ*f, so the higher frequency, the shorter wavelength. The frequency like fm is easy to bypass the wall or building that is because the long wavelength can cause diffraction. But for microwave like 2.4GHz and 5GHz, the wavelength is extremely narrow, thus the narrower the wavelength, the harder for bypass the obstacles. Just like the picture showing, 2.4G system would survive more signal thatn 5GHz system by passing a same thickness wall. That is why all soho router first have 2.4G WiFi while not 5G. 2.4GHz 5GHz WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Frequency and Application
Wisnetworks Technologies RF Fundamentals Frequency and Application 2.4GHz Indoor Wireless Router/AP Outdoor Wireless Base Station/Hotspot Easy to be interfered, a lot of noise since unlicensed Internet/Web/Data/IM/ Applicable to less perception for latency applications 5GHz Outdoor Wireless Bridge/Base Station/Backhaul Indoor Wireless Router( Closer Range) More channels to use, less noise Internet/Video/Voice/VoIP/Real time Gaming/Streaming Highly sensitive to latency application preferred Here we provide some typical application for the two radio frequency systems. Because 2.4G is better for by pass the obstacles, so it is ideal for indoor/outdoor wireless coverage, but now more and more users are using soho routers, the 2.4G frequency is crowded, so it is full of noise, or called frequency pollution. For some not sensitive for delay or low data application like Internet browser, im chat or , it is still usable. 5G has wider range, and not all of them is unlicensed, so it is ideal for wireless bridge /backhaul. More N more ISP also using it for wireless coverage for subscribers with 5G CPE. And for indoor use, since people need to better experience for video / voice / gaming experience, 5G now is more and more popular. Though it is not good for break through obstacles like 2.4GHz, it is also better performance Cuz the less interference. That is why the Wisnetworks radios have more 5GHz models than 2.4GHz. Now 5GHz become the popular frequency used for WISP all over the world. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Antenna Type Antenna Fundamentals Omni Panel Sector Dish Grid Type
Wisnetworks Technologies Antenna Fundamentals Antenna Type Omni Panel Sector Dish Grid Type Omni: WIS-A7900, WIS-CM2300, WIS-ANO series Panel: WIS-Q series, WIS-L5825D Sector: WIS-L5819S, WIS-L2415S, WIS-ANS series Dish:WIS-D5250, WIS-AND series Grid:WIS-G5250, WIS-ANG series Antenna types with shown several common types. Omni antenna coverage 360deg; others are all directional antenna. Panel has almost same directional vertical and horizontal beamwidth, sector is of with 60deg,90deg and 120deg angle, but very narrow vertical beamwidth; dish and grid has even narrow beamwidth, but higher antenna gain. We also remark the Wisnetworks radio / antenna models which is using the corresponding antenna types. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Antenna Gain Antenna Fundamentals About Gain
Wisnetworks Technologies Antenna Fundamentals Antenna Gain About Gain Higher Gain means higher performance at specific direction Antenna just change the signal shape, not increase the power. There is better signal area, and must be lower signal area. Here let’s know more about the important parameter of antenna , gain. First we should know is antenna is a passive device, passive means it doesn’t generate power or reduce power, it just change the power distribution method. So in many cases we increase the antenna gain, seems it is stronger signal, that is only limit to some specific direction, not all. Look at these two images. One is Omni 3dBi antenna, like an apple shape, at all direction vertical horizontal we can get average power since the gain is almost the same. But check the panel antenna 18dBi, we can see at one direction, the power is very high, but the other direction, the power is low. So when we choose antenna, need to check whether appropriate to the application. For example, choose a Omni antenna, if you need cover rooms in one floor, the higher gain the better; if you need to cover up and down floors, lower gain antenna maybe better for upper and downside coverage due to the antenna radiation shape. Omni 3dBi Panel 18dBi Average power at each direction Only one direction has the peak power WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Example for understanding
Wisnetworks Technologies Antenna Fundamentals Example for understanding Omni: like a light bulb, spread the energy to every direction. Directional: like a spotlight, focus the Energy to specific area Omni antenna often uses for client device/indoor radios, to ensure receive or transmit signal at every direction. Directional antenna uses for PtP, PtMP applications, to maximum the signal utilization, make it higher at required directional to stabilize the link; while lower at other directional for less noise to other radio. Sector antenna is a special kind of directional antenna which has 90deg and 120deg for horizontal view, mostly for PtMP connections. Here we use another example to make more clearly understanding of antenna gain. Suppose we have two 10watt light, one is generating by light bulb, another is generating by spotlight. The light bulb can make a whole room very bright, but average lightness, while the spotlight focus all the light on one spot, very high lightness, but no light to the other area. They are just different shape with same power. Thus let combine the antenna feature to the application. Blablabla WISNETWORKS Support Team |

VSWR/ Efficiency Antenna Fundamentals
Wisnetworks Technologies Antenna Fundamentals VSWR/ Efficiency VSWR: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio The value indicates the efficiency of the antenna VSWR　Reflectivity 　　1.0　 0.00% 　　1.1　 0.23% 　　1.2　 0.83% 　　1.3　 1.70% 　　1.5　 4.00% 　　1.7　 6.72% 　　1.8　 8.16% 　　2.0　 11.11% 　　2.5　 18.37% 　　3.0　 25.00% 　　4.0　 36.00% 　　5.0　 44.44% 　　7.0　 56.25% 　　10　 % Input Power Antenna Output Power Power Reflection The VSWR is different at each band/frequency. All Wisnetworks radio and antenna VSWR is lower than 2.0 at all frequency. The VSWR is a value indicating the signal reflection of antenna. The lower the better. Usually we can see this value with 1.5~3.0 for WiFi system. The table showing the mapping of VSWR to ratio of reflection. Wisnetworks antenna all with VSWR lower than 2.0, means 90% efficiency of antenna. The VSWR is a curve cuz at different frequency the value is different . The image showing one of the 5G antenna’s VSWR. The VSWR also showing the ability of antenna vendor and the manufacturing process controlling. It is one of the most important parameters of antennas. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Polarization Antenna Fundamentals
Wisnetworks Technologies Antenna Fundamentals Polarization The orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface Wisnetworks using dual-polarization antenna to isolate the data streams and provide signal independence for 2*2 MIMO Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength. Horizontal polarization signal is more easily to be ‘absorb’ by earth ground The polarization is the last important parameter need to be clarified in this course. We know that radio is generating by moving electric. So the different moving direction of electric field would change the radio wave form. In 11a/b/g period, all WiFi system using single antenna, thus only vertical polarization is required. Because horizontal polarization wave would be more easier to be absorbed by the earth ground. If you use a vertical polarization radio to receive the horizontal polarization wave signal, the signal strength would seriously decreased just like the picture showing. So we can get one great information from this example is, v and h polarization wave have good isolation features. Just like two different frequency! According to this point, the 2*2 Mimo wireless system use dual polarization antenna is reasonable and easy to understand. V to v, h to h. (if required, the trainer can explain Mimo for trainees) Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Vertical WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Tx Power/RF Power/Transmit Power
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Tx Power/RF Power/Transmit Power Laptop 15dBm Soho Router 18dBm Wisnetworks Radios 27dBm Now we come to the wireless system features. First is the radio power. We may see it in some document like tx power, rf power, transmit power. All means the power of the radio frequency. The ability of its sending signal to other radio system. For WiFi in laptop and soho router, it is very low under 20dBm, 100mw. Wisnetworks has 500mw output rf power, 4times better than common soho routers and indoor aps. But compared to GSM system, WiFi system is low power. A cellphone’s maximum power can reach 1~2watt at the time you just pick up a phone call. And the GSM base station is even far more higher! 43dBm! 20watt! Next time you put a Wisnetworks base station on some one’s roof top, tell them this radio is just lower power than your cellphone! Don’t worry for the radiation! GSM Cellphone 30~33dBm GSM BST >43dBm WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Tx Power at different speed
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Tx Power at different speed Modulation Speed Rate Tx Power Tolerance 11a 6~36Mbps 27dBm ±2dB 48Mbps 25dBm 54Mbps 24dBm 11n/WiD TDMA MCS0 (15) MCS1(30) MCS2(45) MCS3(60) 26dBm MCS4(90) MCS5(120) MCS6(135) MCS7(150) Rate Power Tolerance MCS8 (30) 27dBm ±2dB MCS9(60) MCS10(90) MCS11(120) 26dBm MCS12(180) MCS13(240) 25dBm MCS14(270) MCS15(300) 24dBm The tx power of high speed wireless system like WiFi /3G /4G all has a similar feature, that is the lower speed rate, the higher of the power. This is because higher rate the easier signal to be distortion . So the power can’t raise up to a very high value thus keeping a good quality of signal. In another hand, when range become longer, signal weaker, then system would auto change to a lower speed rate, with higher power to maintain the link. Wisnetworks radio 2.4GHz is 27dBm at 11b/g/n speed rate, because we are using high power power amplifier in the radio frequency circuit. And 5GHz radio can reach 24dBm at high speed rate, while 27dBm at low speed rate. The link speed could be found at firmware status page – monitor –AP/STA STATS The lower speed need to maintain the link, thus increasing power WISNETWORKS Support Team |

About dBm Wireless Features What is dBm?
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features About dBm What is dBm? dBm is a radio power measurement unit, like milliWatt. mW dBm 1mw 0dBm 2mw 3dBm 4mw 6dBm 10mw 10dBm 20mw 13dBm 100mw 20dBm 500mw 27dBm 1000mw 30dBm 10000mw 40dBm 100000mw 50dBm Tricks 3dB just doubles the power 10dB is 10x of the power dB plus=milliwatt multiply Remember the mapping of 0dBm/10dBm/27dBm, then you can easily get other dBm values minus number of dBm means less than 1mw Here let’s check dBm. It is the same calculation method like dB. Because it is very common use, we need to know some tricks to quickly get the power value. 3dB is double the value, so 23dBm is double the power of 20dBm. 10dB is 10 times of the power. When we calculate dB, just plus the value. For example, 20dBm + 3dB = 23dBm, but with milliwatt as value, it is 100mw * 2= 200mw. Some mapping of dBm and mw should be remembered, then it would be much easier to calculate. Such as 0dBm=1mw, 10dBm = 10mw, 20dBm = 100mw, 27dBm = 500mw Minus value of dBm doesn’t mean minus mw, means less than 1mw.between 0~1mw. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Rx/Receive Sensitivity
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Rx/Receive Sensitivity Laptop/Cellphone -88dBm Wisnetworks Radios -103dBm The rx sensitivity means the threshold of signal strength to build the wireless connection. The lower the better. Wisnetworks using LNA( Low Noise Amplifier) to optimize the receive sensitivity Wisnetworks radios are able to adjust the channel width to 5MHz, to optimize the sensitivity to -103dBm The sensitivity is all valued with minus dBm. It means a threshold that signal can be received by the radio. The lower the better. Common wireless/wifi card on laptop and cellphone is -88dBm~-90dBm sensitivity, means if signal lower than -90dBm ,such as -94dBm, the laptop and cellphone can’t get the signal. But Wisnetworks radios can. Our radio can receive -103dBm signal with 5MHz channel bandwidth. There is another method to optimized in the radio hardware circuit, with a low noise amplifier to increase the sensitivity. All Wisnetworks high power radios has it. Why we need high sensitivity? We’ll claim it later. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Rx sensitivity at different speed
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Rx sensitivity at different speed Modulation Speed Rate Sensitivity Tolerance 11a 6~36Mbps -94dBm ±2dB 48Mbps -80dBm 54Mbps -76dBm 11n/WiD TDMA MCS0 (15) -96dBm MCS1(30) -95dBm MCS2(45) -92dBm MCS3(60) -90dBm MCS4(90) -86dBm MCS5(120) -83dBm MCS6(135) -77dBm MCS7(150) Rate sensitivity Tolerance MCS8 (30) -93dBm ±2dB MCS9(60) -92dBm MCS10(90) -90dBm MCS11(120) -88dBm MCS12(180) -84dBm MCS13(240) -81dBm MCS14(270) -75dBm MCS15(300) -74dBm The sensitivity changes with speed rate like previous mentioned power. The lower speed rate, the higher sensitivity to maintain the link. With 20MHz channel bandwidth, Wisnetworks radio can reach to -94dBm sensitivity. The lower speed need to maintain the link, thus increasing sensitivity WISNETWORKS Support Team |

The key for long range wireless
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features The key for long range wireless Tx power +3dB Rx sensitivity +3dB Antenna gain +3dB 27dBm -97dBm 24dBi 30dBm -100dBm 27dBi Upload: +3dB Upload: 0dB Upload: +3dB Download:0dB Download:+3dB Download:+3dB The tx power increase, the system’s transmit performance increase, but no change for receive performance The rx sensitivity increase(smaller value), the system’s receive performance increase, no change for transmit The antenna gain increase, the whole system’s performance increase both for tx and rx, or download speed and upload speed. Now let’s talk something about some key points of long range wireless link. There are three values we need to focus, power ,sensitivity, and antenna gain. Look at the 1st image, if we increase the radio power with 2 times, that is 3dB, then the upload ability would be 3dB better. But nothing change about the receive signal ability. The 2nd image, increase the sensitivity 3dB, the download ability would be 3dB better. But nothing changes to the transmit ability. The 3rd image , if we change to a 3dB higher gain antenna, the upload + download both increase 3dB ability, means the whole wireless system increase 3dB! This is why we need to not only increase the radio power, but also increase the rx sensitivity. Because radio is a equal system, only high tx or rx ability can not meet the requirement in most condition. Especially for some long range connections, choose a higher gain antenna, would be better than choose a 1 watt high power radio. Tips For long range PtP, antenna selection is the most important. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Example for understanding
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Example for understanding Sound High Power: like wolf howl, the sound can spread to very far away High sensitivity: like the deer’s ear, can hear the very slight sound Here is a example for you to understanding the high power and high sensitivity. Suppose the radio wave is just like the sound, compared to human, high power like the howl of wolf ,can reach very far away place. That is because the wolf has ‘high’ power. High sensitivity is like deer’s ear, can hear very slight sound with long range. Antenna is just like a simple horn, totally passive with no additional active power source to it. It makes your sound reinforced in some special direction and also can be used for making the sound higher from some specific direction compared to other direction. Antenna: like a simple horn. Use it for speaking, the sound could be more focusing; use it for hearing, the sound volume would be higher in some direction. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Channel Wireless Features 2.4GHz
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Channel 2.4GHz Available from 2.4~2.4835GHz, No. 1~14 5GHz Normally 5.1~5.8GHz. Wisnetworks: 4.9~6.1GHz DFS, dynamic choose another channel to avoid interference to radar TPC, auto reduce the output power to avoid interference to radar The very early of protocol defines that wifi channel is nearly 20MHz, and use 5MHz as step. We define 2412MHz as the channel 1 for 2.4GHz frequency, and increase 5MHz step for next channel. Thus 2417MHz is channel 2, 2437MHz is channel 6, etc. From the picture we can see that if you need the channel totally non-overlapping to another r one, it must be apart at least 4 channels steps. So usually we use 1/6/11 for wifi coverage. In 5GHz frequency, normally we use 5180MHz~5825MHz, and some frequently used channel number is 5180MHz-36, 5745MHz-149, 5825MHz-165. Wisnetworks extend the 5GHz frequency to 4.9GHz`6.1GHz, from 4920MHz~6100MHz, thus greatly increased the channels to use. In 5GHz most EU country is required for DFS feature for avoid interference to radar signal, the radio would automatically change to another channel if interfering. Another is TPC, also most regulatory required for auto adjust power to avoid interference. MHz 5MHz step for a channel MHz WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Channel Bandwidth Wireless Features 20/40MHz
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Channel Bandwidth 5MHz 20/40MHz Available in all wifi routers/adapters SNR 10/5MHz Available in Wisnetworks Radio Lower bandwidth brings better SNR Lower bandwidth cause less speed Mainly used for long range PtP or for CPE use. 10MHz 20MHz 40MHz Noise Floor After talking about channel, let’s discuss the channel bandwidth, sometimes we call channel width. The a/b/g only has 20MHz, from n, we can see more and more wifi product using 40MHz. Now the ac is able to use 80MHz/160MHz. The wider of the channel width, the higher throughput /wireless speed you can get. But there is also drawbacks: more easy to get interference and making noise to other radio. In long range wireless transmission, we at most time need link stability more than the link speed. And since high channel width are not able to transmit with a very higher power, so long range wireless link needs narrower channel width. Wisnetworks provide you 10MHz/5MHz channel width , which helps greatly improve the SNR like the image showing. If the noise floor is constant in one environment, 5MHz can make your system 9dB better, 10MHz would make 6db better compared to 40MHz. 10/5MHz can also provide you 10Mbps speed, it is enough for most application like wireless surveillance, Internet, data transfer. Channel Power Noise floor System Performance 40MHz 27dBm Reference 20MHz -3dB +3dB 10MHz -6dB +6dB 5MHz -9dB +9dB WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Throughput and Speed Rate
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Throughput and Speed Rate 802.11n, 2*2 MIMO The 2*2 MIMO of n maximum speed is 300Mbps using 40MHz bandwidth The real TCP/IP throughput is about 210Mbps Some of Wisnetworks radio’s throughput only 94Mbps Packet Frame: Head TCP/IP useful information Footer Now let’s get to know another two important value of wireless, throughput and speed rate. Usually there are some newbies asking, ‘ why you claimed that your WiFi is 300Mbps, but I never get that speed ’. Here we can tell them, the speed is PHY(physical) speed , including all packets and bytes. But the data we tranfer via WiFi is TCP/IP packets. The packets has head /footer with non-useful information, so only about 70% of them is useful. Thus a 300Mbps wireless speed can maximum transfer 210Mbps real throughput. We use throughput to value real capability of the system. Also can called link bandwidth. But why some of our 300Mbps radio can only get 90+mbps throughput? This is because we use a 100M Ethernet design in our hardware, limit the wireless throuhgput. Just like the image showing. We can get the speed rate info at our radios monitor page. Signal Processing: Main Chipset 100M Ethernet 210Mbps 210Mbps 94Mbps Wireless Bus LAN Port WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wireless Encryption / Throughput
Wisnetworks Technologies Wireless Features Wireless Encryption / Throughput Hacking Time None: No need of hacking. WEP: 3 seconds with specialized hacking tools WPA/WPA2(PSK)-TKIP: 3~6 hours with brute force password cracker WPA/WPA2(PSK)-AES: Currently the hardest to hack due to complexity No encryption Throughput: 100% WEP Throughput: 25Mbps Maximum The encryption matters to wireless throughput. If use none encryption, it is best performance, but no security of your network. If using WEP and WPA-TKIP, it is easy to be hacked, and seriously bring down the performance. So our best choice is AES encryption, secure and almost no effect to performance. Most of customer feedback for low throughput is because using wrong encryption.. TKIP Throughput: 30~50% AES Throughput: 90~100% WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Link budget Link Calculations Tx Radio Rx Radio Link budget
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Link budget +27dBm Tx Power -97dBm Rx Sensitivity +25dBi Antenna Gain +25dBi Antenna Gain Tx Radio Rx Radio Link budget The maximum free space path loss that the link can sustain or survive Now we come to the new core part of our training, link calculation. We often got request from customer that ‘We need 20Mbps bandwidth for 10km, is it possible? What product should I use?’ As a WWBA, we need to know this part clearly for estimating the link possibility and quality. So what is most important parameter of a wireless link? The key is the tx power, rx sensitivity and both side antenna gain. Every time when we estimate a link, we need to define tx and rx radio first. Like a cellphone and a basestation, if you need to verify the link speed from cellphone to base station, then you need to know the cellphone’s tx power, antenna gain and base station’s rx sensitivity and antenna gain. In many cases customer only focus on one direction link quality while forgetting the reversed side. If you plus the tx power, tx antenna gain, rx antenna gain and minus Rx sensitivity, we then have the link budget. Link budget just refer to a link’s ‘power’ for surviving in the air. The more of the link budget, the further that it can go. Link Budget = Tx Power + Tx Ant + Rx Ant – Rx sensitivity For the example above, link budget would be (-97) = 174dB WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Free Space Path Loss Link Calculations Formula
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Free Space Path Loss Formula d stands for distance, unit km f stands for frequency, unit MHz If the 5180MHz radio system between 20km, the FSPL is FSPL= 20lg(20)+20lg(5180)+32.44= =132.74dB Another important parameter is free space path loss, we can write it as FSPL. There is a formula to calculate the fspl, like the screen showing. For example, if we need to calculate the 5180MHz frequency propagating to 20km, the fspl is dB, this is just the attenuation that the signal travel in line-of-sight with no obstacles condition. Notice that it must be line of sight. How to judge line of sight? We’ll talk later. But here we need to know it is a very ideal condition, and fspl is the minimum loss that signal travel in the air. If you are good at math, you can find that the longer the range, the more of the FSPL. If you double the distance, there would be 6db more of the FSPL, no matter of frequency. Also, if you use higher frequency, the more of the FSPL, with same distance. 2.4GHz signal is always 7dB less loss than 5GHz signal with the same distance. From the formula, we can get: The longer range, the more FSPL. Double the distance, 6dB more. The higher frequency, the more FSPL WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Fade Margin Link Calculations Fade Margin = Link budget - FSPL
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Fade Margin Fade Margin = Link budget - FSPL The 20km WIS-G5250 Fade margin would be ~41dB Leave at least 10dB for fade margin Signal would be interfered by weather or obstacles movement In the morning In the afternoon After we know the link budget, the fspl, then fade margin or sometimes just say margin, is easy to be calculated, with link budget minus fspl. The fade margin could be considered as the buffer of a link, the more of it, then link would be more stable to avoid interference or other impact to the link. In some of our customer case, in the morning the link signal strength is -49dBm, while in the afternoon the link signal down to -55dBm. If we do not leave a ‘buffer’ to it, it may not able to build the link with your target speed. As we calculate in last two part, the 20km WIS-G5250 fade margin is almost 41dB. This is a very good result, because we are using the MCS0 speed, highest tx power and lowest sensitivity, using this rate can only guarantee the link could be established, but not with high speed. If we change the speed to MCS15, then put the correspondent tx and rx value, the fade margin would be down to 16dB. An important notice is leaving the fade margin more than 10dB in link calculation. Sometimes if environment is strongly interfered, leave it more than 25dB. Rate Rx Sen Tolerance MCS15(300) -74dBm ±2dB Rate Power Tolerance MCS15(300) 24dBm ±2dB Pick up the exact speed rate to calculate the fade margin, in this case Fade Margin = = 16dB WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Fresnel Zone Link Calculations If d1=d2, n=1,
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Fresnel Zone Fresnel Zone is like a ellipse that show the strongest energy of signal during LoS (line of sight) transmission 60% of the first Fresnel Zone should not be any obstacles, otherwise link quality would be interfered The line of sight is often called LOS, and there is also NLOS means non-line-of-sight. How to judge Los and NOLS? We need to know Fresnel [freɪ'nel] zone first. When the signal travelled in the air, the best environment is not any obstacle, very high tower, but in real environment there are seldom so ideal condition. There must be trees, houses, buildings and other obstacles. The antenna is not able to limit the beamwidth, like laser, thus signal must have reflection and loss during propagation. To maximize receiver strength, one needs to minimize the effect of obstruction loss by removing obstacles . The strongest signals are on the direct line between transmitter and receiver and always lie in the first Fresnel zone. The Fresnel Zone is like a ellipse, most of the radio power is at 60% Fresnel area. How to understand that? From the formula, we can see the longest part of this zone, is in the middle. Suppose we have a 10km link, the fresnel zone is 11m in the middle. Then we must at least have 11 meters tower at both side. If you cannot have that high tower, the minimum, you should have a 11*60% that is 6 meters high tower, to ensure the link performance. Otherwise the link would be non-line-of-sight , causing too much loss during the propagation. This is why most Wisp need high towers. If the tower is enough high, then it is no need to worry the power loss and obstacles. After all analyze the terrain and landscape before a link is not easy for most people. r = radius in meters D = total distance in km f = frequency transmitted in GHz If d1=d2, n=1, WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks RF Link Calculator
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Wisnetworks RF Link Calculator On our website With our APP After talking about so many formulas, let’s turn to some shortcut or tricks provided by Wisnetworks website and app. The RF calculator can easily calculate the link fade margin and longest fresnel zone, just simply input the frequency and tx rx radio parameters. This is typically for some experienced engineers who knows the radio’s parameter clearly, like MCS0’s tx power and sensitivity. You can calculate and evaluate for any speed rate. While the WiFi analyzer APP is much easier, simply choose the tx rx model and antenna, it would auto calculate the margin and throughput for different distance from 0.5km to 100km. This is for every newbie and beginner of Wisnetworks. And the drawback it is for Wisnetworks only Can apply to any radio system Can apply to Wisnetworks radios WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Distance(ACK Timeout)
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Distance(ACK Timeout) How does ACK Packets work Sending a packet Send back ACK packet Get the ACK, sending another packet Sending a packet Send back ACK packet Can’t get ACK packet, sending the same packet again The biggest difference of long range WiFi to soho or indoor WiFi, is there must be a Distance setting or Ack Timeout setting. The wireless communication works like the diagram shows, the tx radio would send a negotiation packet to the rx radio, after receiving the packet, rx radio would send back the acknowledgment (ACK) packet. Once the tx radio received the ack packet, it then start to transmit the real packets with content . Every packets would be sent like those progress. So in a close range like indoor or even 500 meters, the tx radio can always receive the ack packets and with no problem. But if the range is 3km, something happen. When the Rx radio send back ack, the tx radio has a ‘waiting time’ , if the waiting time passed, the ack packet still not coming , tx radio would send the negotiation packet again because it thinks that rx radio may lose the packet. And then the communication would stuck in to a deal-loop, would always sending non-sense packets. From the user’s eye, the ping delay is high, throughput would be very low. This is why in outdoor long range transmission, we need to adjust the ack timeout or distance, to make the tx radio ‘s ‘waiting time’ longer, in order to receive the ack packets in time. The waiting time here is very very short even if distance is 50km or longer, not more than 1ms, cuz the signal is as fast as light . Send back ACK packet - If no ACK timeout setting, the packet would always retransmit thus causing low throughput and high latency Important!!! WISNETWORKS Support Team |

RSSI: Remote Signal Strength Indicator
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations RSSI: Remote Signal Strength Indicator In the WisOS On LEDs -95dBm~-90dBm -90dBm~-80dBm -80dBm~-65dBm more than -65dBm The RSSI we mentioned in previous lesson could be monitored both at software page and hardware LEDs. If working as station mode, the signal strength could be read at the status page. And the RSSI is at monitor – AP STATS. Someone maybe confused about RSSI and Rx power. It is calculated with RSSI= rx power – noise floor. In most condition, noise floor is around -95dBm at 20MHz channel width .So -49dBm means 46dB RSSI, and 35dB RSSI means -60dBm. In all outdoor unit , you can find the label with 3 signal LEDs, if the link is up, 3 LEDs means -65dBm or higher signal; if no lights on, then the signal is very poor between -95~-90dBm. It is much easier than login the webpage to find the signal strength. In some case, RSSI could be RSSI(dB) = Rx Power(dBm)-Noise Floor(dBm) WISNETWORKS Support Team |

PtP Antenna Alignment - Adjustment
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations PtP Antenna Alignment - Adjustment Use GPS/compass/maps tools to point to a rough angle Direction N W E Sometimes, the antenna alignment is most important work before long range link planning and executive. If you need to build a link, which is hard to see each other at two sites, then we should first using google map or Google earth to calculate the rough angle of each site facing to each others. During the execution, use compass/GPS or other tools to point the antenna / radio to target site. In most condition, it would help you get a poor signal from other end. Here comes the most important ‘trick’ in antenna alignment, ‘keep one radio still, adjust another.’During the adjustment or alignment, if both sites antenna angle are moving, it is no possible to make the signal good. Keep one end(A) stable, another end(B) adjust with left/right ( sometimes need up/down if two sites has huge difference of height); when you get the best signal , keep B end still, and adjust A end. Until you get the best signal. Usually if the link is more than 10km, 1 degree would make huge difference in signal. S After got the signal(usually at sta side) , hold AP side still, the sta side keep on adjust with tiny angle for left/right or up/down If signal too bad with comparison to calculation result, keep sta side still, adjust AP side Do not adjust at two side together in one time WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Antenna Alignment Link Calculations
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Antenna Alignment Monitoring the signal change at the status page The signal strength is not real time Also there is some more tricks need to be remembered, that current software, RSSI refresh faster than signal strength. So keep an eye on RSSI, it changes every 1 second. The longer range need to cost more time for alignment, usually less than 10km, alignment can be finished in 15 mins, more than 20km, the alignment would be at least 15mins since need to find best angle and using much more precise alignment. Most panel antenna has wider beamwidth than dish / grid antenna. So it would much easier for adjust panel antenna. In real case, you’ll also find WIS-L5825D is easier to get the best signal than WIS-D5250/WIS-G5250. The RSSI is refreshing in real time The longer range, the more time for antenna alignment Panel antenna is easier alignment than dish/grid antenna with same gain WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Link quality verification
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Link quality verification RSSI / Signal Strength Recommend -40dBm~-60dBm, ensuring best performance More than -30dBm would cause tx power overflow Less than -90dBm would cause link unstable Throughput Recommend use chariot / iperf Internal speed test tool is rough speed After the link is built up, the fist thing we need to do is verifying the link quality. There are three parts First, signal . The signal is definitely the higher the better, if the signal can reach -40dBm~-60dBm, then the link would get best performance. In some case, like indoor testing , signal would be more than -30dBm, this would cause tx overflow, making the tx performance poorer than the best. For example 5G radio, -40dBm, can get 180Mbps, but -25dBm, can only get 80Mbps. On another hand, if signal is less than -90dBm, the link is very poor, would fade out / disconnected at any time. Second, throughout. Every one would use the link for data transfer, the throughput is exactly the real speed that the link can provide. Most of customer would use internal speed test tools to verify the speed. Actually, the speed is very rough using that tool, our software is keep on developing for improving the accuracy of the tool. For now, pls use iperf or chariot. We’ll provide basic demonstration soon for how to use those two software.( the trainer can show to trainee at this time) Third is latency. The latency is important to video and voice servicer. Internal ping tool is a good way to find the latency. Less than 10ms is required for high quality backhaul. Some engineer also use it very often to detect whether the link is normal, Cuz if you use PC ping to PC at remote end, the ping may have problem if the Pc is working not normal. But the internal ping tool of radio can exactly show the link status. Latency Internal ping tool is recommended Less than 10ms is preferred for high quality backhaul WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Throughput test method
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Throughput test method PC1 AP WDS Mode STA WDS Mode PC2 Throughput test tool: Ix Chariot, iperf/Jperf Turn off the firewall of both PC Use more pairs or sessions to maximum the throughput The topology of throughout test is like this. You need extra two PC/Mac. Jperf is a gui version of iperf, need to install Java environment first. Before the testing, turn off the firewall of both PC. For chariot should run endpoint and both sides; for iperf/jperf, there must be a server and a client. Use 10 pairs for testing to get maximum throuhgput. Ix Chariot6 (chargeable) Jperf (free) WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Throughput Estimate with RSSI
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Throughput Estimate with RSSI Channel Bandwidth RSSI Range Throughput 40MHz Bandwidth (5GHz Radio) >50dB 180Mbps+ 30~50dB 150Mbps+ 25~30dB 100Mbps+ 20~25dB 50Mbps+ 15~20dB 30Mbps+ 10~15dB 20Mbps+ 0~10dB 10Mbps+ Here we can estimate rough throughput with signal/RSSI in clear environment. If in noisy environmental the estimation should be different. In this table we can see that if you can get 25~30dB signal, then it is possible to provide 100Mbps throughput. The table is based on 20MHz/40MHz test result. The lower channel width like 5/10MHz can get maximum 10Mbps in most condition. Based on test with single direction (rx) throughput test If need high throughput more than 100Mbps, 25dB is important 40MHz/20MHz/10MHz/5MHz, lower bandwidth makes lower throughput WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Interference survey with Spectrum analyzer
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Interference survey with Spectrum analyzer Interference The spectrum analyzer is a very useful and powerful tools analyzing the interference condition. It is easy to view and use, can make you see the interference, help you choosing a best channel. Later we’ll have a detail explanation for this feature at last session of the course. High Noise Floor - The best tool to analyze the spectrum condition WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Site survey, Rx busy Link Calculations
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Site survey, Rx busy - The quickest way to know channel use condition Rx busy: the percentage of interference detected by the radio If less than 30, the signal would be ok in most condition if more than 50, packet loss increases thus making the link unstable Another quick method to find the interference is using the tools-site survey. It would show all the signal that the radio can reach. Also showing the interference signal strength. Notice that if device is running as AP mode, the wireless would be down during the site survey. If the link is up, you’ll find tx busy/rx busy. The RX busy is a very important value which indicating the percentage of interference detected by the radio. If it is more than 50, packet loss increases thus making the link unstable. In this case, you need to change to another channel. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks Android APP WiFi analyzers
Wisnetworks Technologies Link Calculations Wisnetworks Android APP WiFi analyzers Analyzer: all signal strength and distributor in real time graphic Choose the lowest density channel Support 2.4GHz/5GHz scan If in indoor condition for device deployment like WIS-CM2300, you can use the Android app to find the signal distribution at each channel. All real time graphic, easy to read. With the monitor signal feature, you can also tap some specific ssid, walk around to find the signal change, greatly help to do the indoor site survey job. Monitor: monitor the signal change with line chart Choose more signal to compare the RSSI WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Configure a WDS layer-2 PtP link
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Configure a WDS layer-2 PtP link Wireless Mode AP+STA; or AP WDS + STA WDS Packet flow with non-WDS RA TA Here we will introduce a very important concept, WDS. We often have request for connecting two network together using a pair of Bridges. In this case, if you use AP mode + STA mode, the link would be no problem, but the communication would face a lot of problem due to customer feedback, such as can’t get IP, no ping to server, something like that. Why? First we need to clarify that the WDS here DO NOT mean bridge or repeater like some ‘xxlink’ soho product. It means four address frame of How to understand that? Let’s see the difference. If a link is AP+STA, the packet flow like the image showing, when a PC send packets to another side PC, the packet would contain destination MAC(remote PC), remote radio ‘s MAC, and the source PC’s MAC. If the packet has passed the AP mode or STA mode radio, it changes the Destination MAC to remote radio ‘s MAC, and the source PC’s MAC also changes to the tx radio’s MAC!! From another side, the remote radio only knows that ‘I have a packets coming from the remote radio, but I do not know which PC after the remote radio sends it’. Destination MAC(DA) BSSID Source MAC(SA) Destination MAC BSSID Source MAC PC’s MAC address Tx Radio’s MAC address Remote Radio’s MAC address Rx Radio’s MAC address WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Configure a WDS layer-2 PtP link Packet flow with WDS mode RA TA DA SA RA TA DA SA Rx Radio Rx PC Tx PC Rx Radio Rx PC Tx PC Tx Radio Tx Radio But what would be difference we enable the WDS? The packets would contain four address, tx PC and radio, rx PC and radio. No matter before or after the radio processing, the packet can still keep all the address in the packet. The remote PC and radio both know who is the source of the packet and who is the transmitter for this packet. In conclusion, WDS four address make the tx and rx radio act just like a cable, thus build the transparent layer-2 network. Especially in some complicated network, the AP/STA is connecting to local network, must use WDS mode to avoid lots of network issue. Remember this, would help you solving a lot of weird problem. Conclusion: WDS four address make the tx and rx radio act just like a cable, thus build the transparent layer-2 network In most PtP network, if the AP/STA is connecting to local network, must use WDS mode to avoid lots of network issue WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Configure a WDS layer-2 PtP link Change the mode to Station WDS Change a different IP address Scan to fill in the AP’s SSID or MAC address When configuring the layer-2 link, because all the radio is using AP mode by default, so do not forget to change the mode, and change the IP address. During the station scan, you can both select MAC or SSID, due to your network target. In some failover network, it should be not lock to MAC address. (Here can use a PC showing the configuration step to all students ) At last, don’t forget to save the settings! Don’t forget to save the setting WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Some configuration should be the same
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Some configuration should be the same WiD TDMA Channel(STA auto changes to AP’s channel) Channel bandwidth Channel shifting Wireless Encryption Country code Wireless Encryption Some options need to pay attention to keep the same setting. For TDMA, the station would auto support WiD or non-WiD TDMA base station. Just like channel setting. The channel bandwidth should be the same, including channel shifting status. Wireless encryption, we introduced in previous chapter, using WPA2PSK AES, type the same code at each side. And country code is important, different countries have different usable channels. In the new version firmware of WisOS, we’ll forced to choose country at the first time login, and if you want to change the country code, you need to reset the radio. WPA2-PSK Preferred, highest level TKIP would reduce the throughput WEP easy to be hacked WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Typical WISP Networks Network Example
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Typical WISP Networks Laptop PDA/Cell Phone WIS-Q5300: CPE CPE WIS-L5819S: Base Station WIS-A7900: Smart Base Station WIS-SG524P WIS-L5825D: Backhaul Radio Core Switch Core Router Firewall Billing System NMS Radius Server Core Network Backhaul Access A typical WISP network should have three part. Core network, backhaul, and access. Usually Wisnetworks product act as access part, for total layer-2 use, providing wireless access to all clients like CPE / cellphone /laptops. We can also provide backhaul connection from one tower to another, using our Bridges such as WIS-L5825D. The radios on the tower could be connected with our 24V PoE switch, WIS-SG524P or WIS-SG924P. At the core layer, we need NMS WiController to monitor and manage configuration for all the radios. And if you need billing service to your subscribers, you should have a radius server and billing system. Usually we’ll see some device have rack-mount shape, including powerful billing features like PPPoE server, web portal server. And who need to work radius server? A very powerful core router or gateway. The gateway should have high capacity with firewall and black/white list, something like that. A good news is Wisnetworks is gonna provide a gateway which is including all the core layer features, with billing/hotspot portal / multi-WAN, everything. We’ll see it after several month. Then it would be a good and cost-effective choice for running as a new ISP. Wisnetworks can provide all solution to new WISP WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Typical Wireless Surveillance Networks
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Typical Wireless Surveillance Networks CAT-6 40 IP Camera Another typical use is for wireless surveillance. Usually it is using for IP camera with our Bridges. The bridge just work like a Ethernet cable, so we need to configure them with AP WDS + STA WDS. The important work of wireless surveillance is calculating the cost of bandwidth for each camera. Not like ISP network, the wireless surveillance is high density use for network throughput and latency, need higher request for stability. So in this case, if one camera need 4Mbps, 40 camera would be 160Mbps, if you cannot sure whether the bridge can afford that, you can add one more pair of them to ensure the quality. Margin should always be left in your mind. NVR Surveillance network should estimate the maximum throughput first 40 IPcams, 4Mbps each, then 160Mbps in total WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Comparison of the BST Installation
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Comparison of the BST Installation Wrong Correct Here let’s see some example of installation of base station and bridge. The first pic we can see radio are very close to each other. Some of the SI would tell you I already separate all the 3 radio’s channel, I think they won’t interfere to each other. This is wrong. The WiFi system can detect both co-frequency interference and other channel WiFi interference. So if customer feedback low throughput and high latency of network, first check the hardware installation, then software configuration. The second picture is taken from a tower. All the base station are away from each other for more than 1meters. The Rx busy value is good, less than 30. so the customer feedback good quality of network. Radios too close Even different channels would cause interference User complaint for low throughput and high latency Radios distance between each other more than 1 meter Rx busy is low thus improve user experience WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Typical throughput test vs range
Wisnetworks Technologies Network Example Typical throughput test vs range We’ve taken a lot of test before the product pushed to market. In most condition we are testing with clear environment with no frequency pollution for reference speed. And the maximum range tested by Wisnetworks official is 20km, the best long range performance all-in-one product for now is WIS-L5825D. The chart we can keep it as a reference when customer asking solution for long distance transmission. Now we’ve finished the link calculation and network example chapter. Most of our specialist core knowledge is in these two part. Hope you guys take more time to understand it. The test is based in real environment test result, with clear line of sight and no co-frequency interference Test tool using IX Chariot, 15 pairs WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks Features Wisnetworks Features WisOS WiD TDMA
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Wisnetworks Features WisOS WiD TDMA Spectrum Analyzer MRF Smart Antenna Wimanager discovery tool Wicontroller NMS 5/10MHz bandwidth Zero sense roaming AP WDS Repeater Hardware Lightning protection All-in-one design Feedhorn radio The last chapter we ‘ll introduce the Wisnetworks hardware and software features. Here is the outline. We’ll mainly introduce software feature because it is often used and the biggest difference with soho wireless product. All the features of software is contained in our WisOS, short for Wisnetworks Operating System. APP Android Platform WiFi Analyzers WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Why WiD TDMA? Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Why WiD TDMA? Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is a network that nodes attempt to avoid collisions by transmitting only when the channel is sensed to be "idle“. Indoor Outdoor First let’s check the TDMA. The WiFi network is using CSMA/CA, which is best for indoor application because in indoor environment all the wireless sta can hear each other, and will wait for others finishing the transmission then start its own session. This is exactly CSMA working like, wait for one sta finish, then my turn. And the stations know clearly that ‘when is my turn’ because they can see each other in close range. But In outdoor all the wireless sta can’t hear each other because most condition are using directional antenna, so all the stations will send packets to the BST simultaneously, thus increase more tx error and resend, system performance declines. In outdoor all the wireless sta can’t hear each other, will send packets to the BST simultaneously, thus increase more tx error and resend, system performance declines. In indoor environment all the wireless sta can hear each other, and will wait for others finishing the transmission then start its own session. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Benefits of WiD TDMA Wisnetworks Features Time Slot
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Benefits of WiD TDMA CPE1 CPE2 CPE3 All the stations are assigned with unique time slot for packet transmission, greatly reduce the collision of the radio system. Time-slot priority adjustable for each sta. High: Video Med: IM Low: Data The idea of WiD TDMA is coming from cellular network. If WiD TDMA enabled, all the stations are assigned with unique time slot for packet transmission, greatly reduce the collision of the radio system. So the stations are no need to know ‘when is my turn’, the order is defined by the basestation. All the stations would send and receive packets with their own priority. And time-slot priority are also adjustable for each sta. The benefits of Wid Tdma is clear: It is a radio layer QoS, based on priority setting. ISP can use it to increase the network total performance and stability. Because of the good order of the network, more clients and stations can connect to a same BST. Instead of CSMA, now the wireless can ignore hiding node problem, with further range. And since it is different WiFi system, the Wid TDMA system can provide you lower latency for network and noise immunity. That is in even serious co-frequency interference condition, open the WiD TDMA, you’ll find better throughput and latency. Time Slot Priority based radio QoS Longer range than wifi More clients per BST Lower latency/Noise immunity WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Spectrum Analyzer Wisnetworks Features Waterfall Channel Usage
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Spectrum Analyzer Waterfall Channel Usage Time-based graph shows the aggregate energy collected over time for each frequency. represented by a bar displaying a percentage representing the relative "crowdedness" of that specific channel Energy Distribution Real-time BTW, often we use the waterfall to find the lowest energy frequency and use the correspondent channel. Just wait for 1mins or more, you’ll find it easily. increasingly brighter colors designate energy appearing at a specific power/frequency with higher occurrence the real-time energy seen by the radio device as a function of frequency. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

MRF Smart Antenna Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features MRF Smart Antenna The MRF technology is integrated in our smart base station series. Without antenna array, MRF cannot work. So that is why we have at least 9 antenna for smart base station. In smart base station interface, you can find different scene mode, it is exactly the MRF do. It would help improve product’s coverage and signal to some specific scenario like NLOS and noisy environment. MRF smart antenna technology using the unique algorithm to evaluate the signal from different paths with different angles and different pola of the antenna, and then using the method of time selective fading and frequency selective fading to avoid over-distortion signals and in the end achieve the object of the reconstructed signal. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wimanager Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Wimanager The wimanager is a discovery tool for finding the wisnetworks radio in the network. It is running on Windows OS. There is a trick of wimanager, setting your PC’s IP with , and as mask, you can find each radio with x.x IP address. This is helpful for login the webpage of the radio if you forgot the changed IP address of the radio. And what’s an important features of wimanager is upgrading firmware for massive radios.(Youtube video) Scan all the Wisnetworks radios in the network Get the IP address of radio in case of forgetting Massive upgrade radios WISNETWORKS Support Team |

WiController NMS Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features WiController NMS The wicontroller is a powerful NMS tools for ISP and hotel. It can Auto discover/config/upgrade the radio Monitoring all radio status for statistics/alarm/logs Manage wireless client/filters/hotspot* YouTube video. Auto discover/config/upgrade the radio Monitoring all radio status for statistics/alarm/logs Manage wireless client/filters/hotspot* WISNETWORKS Support Team |

5/10 MHz bandwidth Wisnetworks Features Higher SNR for lower bandwidth
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features 5/10 MHz bandwidth Higher SNR for lower bandwidth Longer range with lower bandwidth Less interference to other system 40MHz: 20km 20MHz:45km 10MHz:98km 5MHz:205km Close aggregation for 5/10MHz Lower channel width benefits we’ve claimed in previous chapters. It would help raise up the SNR. And the Ack Timeout/ distance setting is also different for each channel width. A notice of using 5/10MHz is close the aggregation feature. The setting below the distance. WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Zero sense roaming Wisnetworks Features Available in station wds mode
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Zero sense roaming Zero sense roaming is a feature exactly for vehicle use. Available in station wds mode Active roaming with no packet loss Best applying for transportation industry Smooth experience for video/voice seamless roaming WISNETWORKS Support Team |

AP WDS Repeater Wisnetworks Features Up to 6 WDS peers (AP)
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features AP WDS Repeater To use the AP WDS repeater, all the radio should be set with same mode. Up to 6 WDS peers (AP) All AP should work with AP repeater mode One more repeater, half of the system throughput Best apply for some low bandwidth requirement application WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Lightning protection Wisnetworks Features ESD: Electrostatic discharge
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Lightning protection ESD: Electrostatic discharge sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects caused by contact. 8kv contact, 16kv in the air Use TVS (transient voltage suppressor) in circuit May work in some case of outdoor lightning strike Lightning/Surge: high voltage damage to power circuit Especially damage PoE devices common mode and difference-mode voltage 0~8kV Use gas tube and grounding terminal to discharge the high voltage Can make radio survive in most lightning strike condition All Wisnetworks WIS-L series Radio support lighting protection!!! WISNETWORKS Support Team |

All in one design Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features All in one design Radio + Antenna with weatherproof and lightning protection High durable design with die-cast aluminum housing IP67 level waterproof Grounding terminal Enhanced performance with less cable loss Professional and easy mounting kits WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Feedhorn Radio Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features Feedhorn Radio Radio PCBA inside the antenna feedhorn Enhanced performance with no cable loss Easy to mount and deployment The reflection dish/grid size depends the system performance WISNETWORKS Support Team |

WiFi Analyzers APP Wisnetworks Features
Wisnetworks Technologies Wisnetworks Features WiFi Analyzers APP Ping test Analyzer the channel use Teach each part of the app to the trainee. Compare signal GPS for alignment for recording Link calculation Useful features for indoor/outdoor wifi installers A good method to learn more about the Wisnetworks radios WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Appendix Appendix User Manual Radio Installation Guide Knowledge Base
Wisnetworks Technologies Appendix Appendix User Manual Radio Installation Guide Knowledge Base Pre/After Support WISNETWORKS Support Team |

User Manual Appendix WisOS User Manual WiController User Manual
Wisnetworks Technologies Appendix User Manual WisOS User Manual WiController User Manual WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Installation/Configuration Guide
Wisnetworks Technologies Appendix Installation/Configuration Guide Quick Setup Guide Youtube Channel WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Knowledge Base Appendix Knowledge Base
Wisnetworks Technologies Appendix Knowledge Base Knowledge Base Do not forget to review the knowledge base before you ask question. A lot of experience and frequently asked question answer is here. Video/ image / text guide. We’ll continuously update some frequently asked question on the knowledge base WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Ask for support Appendix support@wisnetworks.com
Wisnetworks Technologies Appendix Ask for support ( reply in 1~2 days) Online fill a ticket ( reply in 3 days) Online Chat ( 9am~5pm, Mon~Fri, GMT+8 ) Skype id: WISNETWORKS Support Team |

Wisnetworks Wireless Broadband Associate (WWBA) Training

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