1. Earthquake damage in Haiti
Earthquake damage in Haiti.  The 2010 earthquake in Haiti killed more than 200,000 people and destroyed most of the structures in the capital, Port-au-Prince.

2. 2008, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the southwestern region of Sichuan Province, China, killed more than 69,000 people.

3. Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
KGO-TV News ABC-7

4. Earthquake Effects - Surface Faulting
Landers, CA 1992

5. Earthquake Effects - Liquefaction
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964

6. Earthquake Effects - Landslides
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Turnnagin Heights,Alaska,1964

7. The San Andreas Fault

8. Pacific-North American Plate Boundary
LA on Pacific Plate
San Francisco on North American Plate
San Andreas Fault is boundary
Relative motion
Takes Big Bend above LA area and causes compression in our area

9. Complete Parts 2 and 4 of the Tectonic Plates Activity.

10. 1960-1995. http://solidearth.jpl.nasa.gov/rp.html

11. The Rock Cycle alters Rock
Rock – a solid aggregation of minerals.
Mineral – a naturally occurring solid element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific composition, and distinct properties.
Three type of rock:
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

12. Igneous (“fire”) Rock
forms when magma or lava cools. Intrusive igneous rock – when cools and solidifies slowly beneath Earth’s surface (granite) and minerals form large, coarse crystals.

13. Igneous Rock
Extrusive igneous rock forms when lava cools quickly and minerals have little time to grow crystals – eg. Basalt.

14. Sedimentary Rock
Forms from accumulated weathered and eroded sediments, or from precipitated chemicals, that are compacted by weight and pressure.
Limestone is mostly CaCO3 from marine organism’s shells or precipitation.

15. Sedimentary rock
Shale – formed from small mud particles and limestone.
Oil shales have oil or natural gas trapped in tiny pores in the rock; can be 1/3 hydrocarbon.
Terracotta tiles and bricks are made from clay shale.

16. Metamorphic Rock
Rock changes form usually due to high temperatures and pressures below ground. Marble forms from limestone.

17. Metamorphic Rock
Slate forms from shale.

18. Weathered Rock forms Soils

19. Soil Resources
trees planted to stop dust storms from China’s Gobi Desert

20. Soil accounts for ~10% of Earth’s surface
Soils
Store and provide nutrients and water for plants and animals,
filter and cleanse water, and
affect the amount of water that returns to the atmosphere to form rain.

21. Soils also Produce and store gases such as carbon dioxide
Store heat and water
Provide a home for billions of plants, animals and microorganisms
Decompose wastes
Provide a snapshot of geologic, climatic, biological, and human history

22. What is Soil Composed of ? mineral matter organic matter Modified by ?
weather
water
organisms
Formation time varies (200 – 1000 years)
Depth varies (thin film to 10 ft)

23. Soil Composition

24. Soil Texture: Sand, Silt, and Clay
Clay has the most surface area.

25. Soil particles are mostly negatively charged.
They bind cations. Anions leach.

26. Soil Properties are Affected by Soil Texture
Loam is about 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay

27. Teach how to use the triangle
Teach how to use the triangle. Loam’s are best for most agriculture needs. We have sandy loam/loamy sand.

28. Soil cation exchange capacity
Soil texture   CEC (meq/100g soi)
Sands (light-colored)
Sands (dark-colored)
Loams
Silt loams
Clay and clay loams
Organic soils
When the cations are present in equivalent amounts, the order of strength of adsorption is Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ = NH4+ > Na+.

29. Humus- the organic component
Humus – “mature compost”; typically dark, spongy, amorphous.

30. Other components of soil:
Pore space (wet soil)
Pore space (dry soil)

31. Soil Horizons (O, A, B, C) mark capture,
E horizon lighter than A. Zone of leaching
O= Often brown or black. Zone of leaching
A= Light black to brown. Zone of leaching.
B = Zone of accumulation.
Rich in clay, iron oxides, silica, and other minerals from O, A, and E.
mark capture,

32. Photographs of different soils

33. Soil Organisms – earthworms, roots, fungi, bacteria, etc.

34. Nutrient Cycling
Sustainable
vs. Farming

35. Soil pH Soil Acidity affects mineral availability. Aluminum is
pH scale
Soil Acidity
affects mineral
availability.
Aluminum is
toxic in acidic
soils.
Pygmy Forest
Most soils (pH = 4-8) 7
Death Valley 14

36. Major Soil Types

37. Major Soil Types

38. Major Soil Types
plants live “ON the soil” in rainforests