1. CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN HAITI AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS HAITI EARTHQUAKE 2010
Maya Hector, MPH Student
Walden University
Winter 2011
Dr. Raymond Thron, Instructor
PUBH Epidemiology
An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.0 shook the country of Haiti to it’s core. An estimated 3 million people were affected leaving homes, families and the country in such disarray that over 300,000 people were injured and 316,000 deaths occurred. As many as 1 million were left without homes.
Haiti Raises earthquake Toll to 230,000.Haiti Raises Earthquake Toll to 230,000. (2010, February 10). The Washington Post.

2. Stakeholders Influenced By the Earthquake
Adults and Children
The Environment
Government Officials
Neighboring Countries
Relief Agencies
Although many people and organizations are involved in relief efforts, the ultimate goal is to return the country structurally intact back to its citizens. The major stakeholders from this massive earthquake will always be the citizens and residents of Haiti, although relief efforts have been coordinated by these agencies, there has a been a major outbreak of cholera.

3. What is Cholera?
Found in food and water sources contaminated by feces.
Spread through inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and clean hygiene.
Cholera is a bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) found in food and water sources that are contaminated by feces and spread through improper sanitary conditions. It has an incubation period of 1 to 5 days and symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea that is watery that can dehydrate a person severely. (World Health Organization) After the earthquake in Haiti, the citizens had not had an outbreak of cholera in 50 years so to pinpoint the source as to where its beginnings originated from has become the blame game. World Health Organization 2010 Cholera. The World Health Organization (2010). Cholera. Retrieved December 30, 2010, from

4. SANITARY SYSTEMS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
HOW DID CHOLERA OCCUR?
STATISTICS
100,000 CASES REPORTED
2,000 DEATHS OCCURED
U.N. PEACE KEEPERS
RELIEF WORKERS
LIMITED WORKING
SANITARY SYSTEMS AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
THE RUBBLE
According to CNN Wire Staff (2010), a United Nations panel has decided to investigate how a cholera outbreak affected Haiti after an earthquake in early 2010 that killed about 220,000 people. Many people are blaming each other but research is necessary to find out how this epidemic started and how it should end.

5. Impact of Cholera Epidemic
The World Health Organization
Citizens of Haiti
The Economy
Relief Efforts
The World Health Organization (2010) has suggested that neighboring countries strengthen their surveillance efforts on continuing to monitor if an outbreak occurs. Should a situation arise, a Global Task Force on Cholera has been established. The citizens of Haiti will continue to suffer the effects of cholera until the epidemic is brought under control. There is little or no economic activity due to the severity of the earthquake with many of its citizens suffering from having adequate living conditions and clean potable water. Relief efforts have been coordinated by countries , the United Nations and relief agencies with still work to do. World Health Organization 2010 Cholera: The World Health Organization (2010). Cholera. Retrieved December 30, 2010, from

6. TIME LINE OF CHOLERA EPIDEMIC
The World Health Organization
10/20/10- SIGNIFICANT MEDICAL FACILITY STRAIN REPORTED IN ST. MARC, HAITI
10/27/ REALIZATION THAT HEALTH CLUSTER CLAIMS OF THE EPIDEMIC WAS UNDER CONROL WAS INACCURATE
11/07/2010- ALL HOSPITALS IN PORT AU PRINCE ARE OVERFLOWING AND AT FULL CAPACITY
The World Health Organization has issued a report on what has happened one year after the earthquake in Haiti. The cholera epidemic added new difficulties just as the health sector was beginning to recover and rebuild. According to the World Health Organization (2011), ten weeks after the start of the cholera epidemic, all departments were affected. As of 1 January, the MSPP has reported cumulative cholera cases with 3651 deaths. Timeline of cholera epidemic stems over a period of 19 days. At first the cholera seemed like a random event, When other citizens began experiencing symptoms, it became a full blown epidemic.
Haiti Earthquake 2010: One Year Later: The World Health Organization (2011). Retrieved January 21, 2011, from
Haiti: Operational Biosurveillance: Timeline of the Haiti Cholera Epidemic(2010). Retrieved January 21, 2011, from

7. Citizens of Haiti
GOOD NEWS: THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TO START VACCINATING CITIZENS IN APRIL TO HELP STEM THE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC
Since Haiti’s cholera epidemic will not peak for another few months, ten million Haitians are at risk but only about 400,000 doses of vaccine could be ready by April, and a million by late Available stocks will be used in a pilot project, possibly in central Haiti. Inevitably, many Haitians will miss out. There is a need to stockpile this vaccine so difficult choices as to whom is to receive them will not need to be made again.
New Scientist 2011 Haiti to Get Cholera Vaccination. The New Scientist (2011). Haiti to Get Cholera Vaccination. The New Scientist, (2794), 6.

8. The Economy
MORE GOOD NEWS: 40% OF HAITIANS SUFFERING FROM CHOLERA ARE RECIEVEING ECOONOMIC AID FROM SPAIN
The country of Spain, after the devastating earthquake decided to donate over 220 million dollars to assist in reconstruction and also 1 million in emergency aid to provide humanitarian efforts for those who were affected with the Cholera outbreak. The aid to be sent in four installments will include medicine for diarrhea and cholera, serums, rehydration supplements, material for administering medical treatments, pills for purifying drinking water, water storage equipment and other health-care supplies.
SpainReview.Net (2011). 40% of Haitians Suffering from Cholera are Receiving Economic Aid from Spain. Retrieved January 22, 2011, from

9. Relief Efforts Towards Cholera
Haitians Awaiting Relief
Abbott Laboratories
The United Nations
The United States
Relief efforts of cholera immunization supplies have been forthcoming by different sponsors and philanthropists. Abbot Laboratories, which is a leading supplier of global health supplies have involved other humanitarian efforts within their company to help fund medical supplies such as antibiotics, and pedialyte for infants and toddlers towards the effort to prevent the spread of cholera. These companies have supplied over 6.3 million dollars since October 23, These companies are include: AmeriCares, Catholic Medical Mission Board, Direct Relief International, and Partners in Health.
Abbott Aids Cholera Relief Efforts in Haiti. Abbott Laboratories (2010). Abbott Aids Cholera Relief Efforts in Haiti. Retrieved January 22, 2011, from
In the months following the January earthquake, the United Nations has also delivered more than 700 metric tons of humanitarian supplies for temporary shelters, food, agriculture, and medical supplies.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Efforts (2010). Haiti Earthquake: Humanitarian Update. Retrieved January 23, 2011, from
The United States, UNICEF has coordinated efforts to assist in the effort to supply monies and medical supplies towards the relief efforts in Haiti. They have provided over 680,000 people with safe clean water, immunized over 2 million children against preventable diseases and supporting over 72 hospitals and clinics with medical supplies for the prevention and treatment of cholera.
UNICEF (2011). Haiti Recovery. Retrieved January 23, 2011, from

10. BEFORE AND AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
As you can see from the before and after photos of the Presidential palace, Haiti has suffered at the hands of the environment. After such environmental disasters occur, other issues sometimes arise. Although Haiti is suffering from an epidemic of Cholera, it has received much effort and will continue to do so until the problem is eventually eradicated.
Taylor, C. (2010). More Haiti Updates. Retrieved January 23, 2011, from

11. CONCLUSION: UPDATE ON CHOLERA OUTBREAK
As of February 18, 2011, the United Nations reported that the cholera outbreak in Haiti has “plateaued and appears to be diminishing.”
Elisabeth Byrs who is a spokesperson for the United Nations, (Nexmax World: The Americas, 2011) states that figures show that as many as 45% or 175 million dollars of the expected donations have arrived but more is yet to come. Work is still to be done in order to complete the process of saving human lives. Even though the earthquake was over a year ago, assistance is still needed. Cholera has now reached the rural areas of Haiti. The National Mortality rates from Cholera have decreased from 9% to 7%. In order to keep the numbers down, efforts have been increased in those regions. The United Nations health agency has stated they are not leaving until the mortality rate is under 1%. Nexmax World: The Americas UN: Cholera Eases in Haiti but Rural Deaths HighNexmax World: The Americas (2011, February 18). UN: Cholera Eases in Haiti but Rural Deaths High. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from