1. Topic 11.1: Antibody Production and Vaccination

2. Specific Immunity Innate Immunity: Immunity present at birth
Adaptive Immunity: immunity developed during life
Specific immunity comes in to play when a pathogen has breached the first and second line of defense
1st line (skin, mucous membranes, acid)
2nd line (phagocytes, inflammatory response, interferons, complement system)

3. Identification MHC Body cells recognized as self
Invading pathogens are recognized as non self
MHC: major histocompatibility complex
Group of cell surface molecular protein markers
Found on surface of all nucleated cells (except RBC’s)
Unique to each individual (except identical twins)
2 types
Located on immune cells
Located on nucleated body cells

4. Lymphocyte Review B-cells T-cells
Originate and fully mature in bone marrow
Destroy any free pathogen (not inside a cell)
T-cells
Originate in bone marrow but mature in the thymus
Destroy any body cells infected with pathogens and cancerous cells

5. Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity
Feature
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediate immunity
Lymphocytes involved
B-cells
T-Cells
Effector cells
Plasma cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Target/function
Destroys all free antigens (not inside of cells)
Destroys all infected cells, multicellular pathogens and cancerous cells
Mode of action
Plasma cells produce antibodies that surround and neutralize the pathogen
Cytotoxic T-cells release chemicals that trigger apoptosis of the infected cell

6. Clonal Selection
Activated B cells multiply to form a clone of plasma cells and memory cells
Large number of plasma cells that produce one specific antibody

7. Cell-mediated response initiated at same time as humoral response
Activation of humoral response triggers existing B-cells to give rise to effector cells (plasma cells) and memory cells
Plasma cells develop from activated B-cells and produce antibodies
Cell-mediated response initiated at same time as humoral response
Activates cytotoxic T-cells and memory cells

8. Humoral & Cell mediated immunity

9. The Role of Antibodies
Opsonization: make pathogens more recognizable to phagocytes
Neutralization of viruses and bacteria
Neutralization of toxins
Activation of complement (causes cell to lyse)
Agglutination (sticking together)

10. Review of Immune response
Challenge: body is invaded by pathogens
Response: Helper T-cells are alerted to the presence of a pathogen.
Clonal selection: Only those B-cells and T-cells that are specific to the antigen are activated
Memory cells: produced to be ready to destroy any subsequent invasion by the same pathogen

11. Active & Passive Immunity
Type
Response
Active natural immunity
Naturally obtaining the antigen from the environment (saliva)
Active artificial immunity
Organism artificially obtaining the antigen from the environment(vaccination)
Passive natural immunity
Results from receiving antibodies du to natural processes (breastfeeding)
Passive artificial immunity
Receiving antibodies due to artificial antibodies (injections of antibodies)

12. Antibodies Antibodies (immunoglobins) Are Y shaped Globular proteins
Produced by plasma cells
Destroy antigens by surrounding them

13. Monoclonal antibody production
Uses biotechnology
Mass production of an antibody specific to any desired antigen
Steps
Antibody injected into a rodent with selected antigen
Spleen removed
B-cells removed from spleen
B-cells fused with cancer cells to produce hybridomas
Hybridomas divide indefinitely and produce antibodies
Hybridomas can be used for diagnosis and treatment

15. Monoclonal Diagnostic use Treatment use Detection of HIV antibodies
Detection of cardiac enzymes (signal heart attack)
HCG pregnancy
Treatment use
Targeting cancer cells with chemo
Emergency treatments of rabies
Tissue typing for transplant compatibility

16. The Principle of Vaccination
The goal of a vaccine is to trigger a primary immune response that results in the production of memory cells
Weakened form of the pathogen is injected or inhaled
Allows immune system to recognize and destroy antigen
Normal response 5-10 days
Vaccine response 3-5 days

17. Primary and secondary antibody production

18. Benefits & Dangers of Vaccines
Eliminate disease (smallpox)
Prevent serious side effects
Less medical costs
Prevent pandemics and epidemics
Dangers
Allergic reactions
Injection site could become infected
Rare cases of neurological issues

19. Allergies
When immune system response with an exaggerated immune response to harmless antigens
Food
pollen
Release of histamines (trigger)
Constriction of smooth muscle (breathing problems)
Increasing permeability of capillaries (swelling)