1. BACTERIA

2. BACTERIA Kingdom Eubacteria (true) Domain Archea,
Domain Bacteria,
Domain Archea,
Used to be combined under Kingdom Monera
* Prokaryotic cell type
* Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Kingdom Eubacteria (true)
Kingdom Archaebacteria
(ancient)

3. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
PROKARYOTES
Archaea are more closely related to the eukaryotes, while the bacteria are related to cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

4. Recall Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes DO NOT have:
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes DO have:
DNA (all)
Ribosomes (all)
Cell membrane (all)
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton (all)
Cell Wall (many)
Flagella (some)
Capsule (many)
Pili (some)
Ex. bacteria
Eukaryotes DO have:
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
(such as mitochondria, ER, golgi, etc.)
DNA (inside nucleus)
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall (some)
Flagella (a few)
Ex. Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

5. Eubacteria Diagram Plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule
Good web-site to look at eubacteria cell structure:

7. Pili on a bacillus bacterium
Pili are used by a bacterium to attach to surfaces and also to exchange genetic material

8. CHARACTERISTICS of Bacteria:
1. Reproduce asexually through binary fission. ( Dividing in half; identical offspring)
Classified by cell shape, cell wall, respiration (aerobic/anaerobic) and nutrition.
Can be Gram + or Gram -

9. Characteristics of Bacteria
Some may form endospores when growth conditions become very unfavorable (heat, dryness).
Endospores have a thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of the cytoplasm. Endospores can remain dormant for months or even years in harsh conditions

10. When conditions turn favorable, the bacteria will grow from the spore
Example: Anthrax; Clostridium botulinum (causes Botulism—a form of food poisoning)

11. Characteristics of Bacteria continued
Toxins – chemicals produced by bacteria that are poisonous to eukaryotic cells and cause disease
6. Conjugation – exchange of genetic material (usually in the form of a plastid) through the pili between 2 bacteria. This leads to genetic diversity

12. Conjugation in Bacteria

13. Asexual reproduction
Rod-shaped bacteria dividing by binary fission

14. 3 Different Bacterial Shapes
bacillus
coccus
spirillum

15. 3. Three different shapes:
1. Coccus (spheres):
2. Bacillus (rods):
3. Spirillum (spirals):
Two different arrangements:
Strepto (chains)
Staphylo (clusters)
What would diplo be?

16. Archaebacteria: “ancient”
Autotrophic
Cell walls with NO peptidoglycan
found in harsh environments
1. Methanogens- no oxygen, make
methane gas
2. Thermophiles- very hot water
3. Halophiles- very salty conditions, 10x saltier than ocean water

17. Archaea in San Francisco Bay area – extremely high salinity.
What kind of archaea are these?
halophiles

18. EUBACTERIA “true” Largest and most diverse of the bacterial kingdoms
Found everywhere
Most are heterotrophic
Cell walls are present with peptidoglycan
Many have flagella that aid in movement

19. Nutrition Types Principal decomposers (along with fungi) AUTOTROPHS
Photosynthetic—use pigments to capture light energy to convert to chemical energy ex. cyanobacteria
Chemosynthetic—use inorganic molecules or organic molecules to make amino acidsproteins; live in soil and nitrify ammonia ex. sulfur bacteria & methanogens; nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter spp.)
HETEROTROPHS
Principal decomposers (along with fungi)
Many produce antibiotics (ex. Streptomyces)
Some fix nitrogen (ex. Rhizobium)

20. Comparison Gram + & Gram - Eubacteria
Feature Gram + Gram -
Color
Purple
Red
Amount of peptidoglycan
More
Less
Toxicity
Antibiotic effective against?
Most of the time
Not always

21. Peptidoglycan – the light tan rods in the diagram; lots in Gram +, little in Gram -
(the lipid layer on the outside makes it hard for antibiotics to work on G-)

22. Diseases caused by Bacteria:
* Tuberculosis
* Anthrax
* Lyme disease
* E. coli
* Bubonic plague
*Typhoid fever *Cholera
*Strep throat *Dental cavities
*diphtheria *pneumonia
*Salmonella

23. Yellow bacillus bacteria in the lining of the human nose
Yellow bacillus bacteria in the lining of the human nose. This species causes pneumonia.

24. How do Bacteria Cause Disease?
Destroy living cells and tissues of the infected organism . Example: bacteria causing tuberculosis
Release toxins (poisons) that interfere with the normal activity of the host cell which upsets homeostasis. Example: botulism

25. Controlling Bacterial Infections
Antibiotics – block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Vaccines – prevent bacterial diseases by stimulating the body’s immune system. A vaccine can be a made from weaken or killed pathogens or inactivated toxins
Good sanitation and food storage

26. Beneficial Bacteria: There are some bacteria you’ve just got to love!
* Decomposers
* Nitrogen fixers (fix nitrogen gas in the atmopshere to a useful form)
* Bacteria is used to make certain foods like cheese and yogurt.
* To manufacture plastics and many pharmaceuticals.
* Digests cellulose in animals
* Remove human-made waste products sewage treatment plants
* Remove poisons from water
* Make medicines and insulin through genetic engineering

27. Develop Mutualistic relationships with other organisms: Ex
Develop Mutualistic relationships with other organisms: Ex. the fish provides the bioluminescent bacteria under its eye with organic materials, the fish uses its living flashlight to lure prey and to signal potential mates.