1. The Circulatory System

2. Blood
The human body contains 4-6 litres of blood (about 9% of body weight)
Anatomy
Liquid
Plasma
Solid
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

3. Blood

4. Red Blood Cells About 5 000 000 per mm3 of blood
About 25 trillion ( ) in the entire organism
Live days (destroyed by phagocytosis, the liver and the spleen)
Get their colour from HEMOGLOBIN (a red protein)
Function: attach to molecules of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide to transport them

5. Red Blood Cells

6. White Blood Cells 5000-9000 per mm3 of blood Completely colourless
Much larger than red blood cells
Functions:
Phagocytosis: engulf and digest old blood cells, microbes and other foreign particles
Produce antibodies
Help with coagulation of blood

7. Antibodies, Antibiotics, Immunity & Vaccines
Microbes (bacteria and viruses) often enter the body
If a microbe cannot be destroyed by phagocytosis, the white blood cells produce ANTIBODIES to destroy them
Once antibodies have been produced to destroy a particular microbe, they can always destroy it in the future. This is called IMMUNITY

8. Antibodies, Antibiotics, Immunity & Vaccines
When the production of antibodies is not effective enough, doctors sometimes prescribe ANTIBIOTICS (artificial antibodies) to kill off the microbe
Antibiotics only work on bacteria and do not produce immunity
VACCINES are microbes that have been weakened.
When vaccines are injected, white blood cells produce antibodies. The person is then immune to the disease.

9. White Blood Cells

10. Platelets 300 000 – 350 000 per mm3 of blood Functions:
Stick to microbes to slow down their progress
Produce enzymes necessary for coagulation and for the formation of scar tissue

11. Platelets

12. Plasma A complex liquid that occupies about 55% of blood volume
Composed of:
90% Water
10% Dissolved substances (digested food, hormones, enzymes, waste products…)

13. Plasma Functions Keeps blood fluid
Transports nutrients, waste products, etc.
Transports antibodies

14. Lymph A liquid derived from plasma (much higher percentage of water)
Functions:
Carries cellular needs out of the bloodstream to the cells
Carries waste products from the cells back into the bloodstream

15. The Heart A pump responsible for circulating blood throughout the body
The muscle of the heart, the myocardium, contracts regularly
Has four cavities
The right and left atrium (on top)
The right and left ventricle (on the bottom)

16. The Heart

17. The Heart

18. The Heart

19. The Heart

20. The Blood Vessels Three groups of blood vessels Arteries Veins
Capillaries

21. Arteries
Blood vessels responsible for carrying OXYGENATED blood, under pressure, from the heart towards the body’s cells
Divide into arterioles, that then connect with the capillaries

22. Veins
Blood vessels responsible for carrying VICIATED blood (filled with carbon dioxide) from the body’s cells towards the heart
Divide into venules that are connected to the capillaries

23. Blood Vessels
Venules
Arterioles
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

24. General (Systemic) Circulation
Beginning in the LEFT ATRIUM, oxygenated blood is pumped into the LEFT VENTRICLE, then into the AORTA
The aorta connects to all of the ARTERIES in the body
The VEINS carry the blood back to the VENA CAVA on the right side of the heart

25. General (Systemic) Circulation

26. Pulmonary Circulation
Viciated blood returning from the cells is pumped from the RIGHT ATRIUM into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
The blood is then pumped into the PULMONARY ARTERIES to enter the lungs
The PULMONARY VEINS bring the blood back to the left side of the heart

27. Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins

28. All together…

29. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure (the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries) is measured at two different moments in the cardiac cycle:
Systole: when the heart is beating
Diastole: when the heart is at rest

30. Blood Pressure Normal blood pressure Systolic pressure: 100-140 mm/Hg
Diastolic pressure: mm/Hg

31. Blood Pressure Hypertension (high blood pressure) Risk factors
Pressure above 140 and/or 90
Risk factors
Excess body weight
Poor diet (high in fat and/or sodium)
Stress
Heredity
Smoking

32. Blood Pressure Symptoms Possible complications Remedies and Treatments
None!! (known as the silent killer)
Possible complications
Heart attack/failure (myocardial infarction)
Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
Remedies and Treatments
Lifestyle changes (healthy diet & exercise, stop smoking, stress management)
Medication

33. Blood Pressure Hypotension (low blood pressure) Common Causes Symptoms
Pressure below 100 and/or 60
Common Causes
Weakness of the heart (lack of exercise and/or lack of food energy)
Symptoms
Fatigue
Dizziness/Fainting
Difficulty concentrating

34. Blood Pressure
Treatment
Lifestyle changes (healthy diet & exercise)

35. Blood Types
To identify an individual’s blood type, the presence or absence of two antigens (specific proteins) is used:
Antigen
Blood Group A B
A and B AB
None O

36. Blood Types

37. Blood Types
The different antigens determine the presence of certain antibodies:
Group
Antigens
Antibodies A
anti-B B
anti-A AB
A & B
none O
None
anti-A & anti-B

38. Blood Types

39. Blood Types

40. Blood Types
The presence or absence of a third antigen (Rh) determines the blood type
Rh present = positive (+)
Rh not present = negative (-)
This gives us 8 blood types:
A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O-, O+

41. Blood Types Blood Type Can donate to: Can receive from: A- A+ B- B+