1. Jean Piaget

2. Early Life Born in 1896 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
He was a gifted child who developed an interest in biology and the natural world.
He was educated at the University of Neuchâtel, and studied briefly at the University of Zürich.
He published two philosophical papers that showed the direction of his thinking at the time, but which he later dismissed as adolescent thought.

3. Paris Studies
He moved to Paris and taught at the Grange-Aux-Belles Street School for Boys.
The school was run by Alfred Binet, the developer of the Binet intelligence test.
While Piaget was grading tests, he noticed that young children consistently gave wrong answers to certain questions and began to wonder why they chose the answer that they did. This led to the beginnings of his theory of cognitive development.

4. Back to Switzerland
In 1921, Piaget returned to Switzerland as director of the Rousseau Institute in Geneva.
In 1923, he married Valentine Châtenay and they had three children, whom Piaget studied from infancy.
In 1929, Jean Piaget accepted the post of Director of the International Bureau of Education and remained the head of this international organization until 1968.
In 1979 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Social and Political Sciences.

5. Theory of Cognitive Development
Children move through the stages in an invariant sequence- in the same order.
Sensorimotor Intelligence (birth to 2 years): babies grasp their physical action schemes, such as sucking, grasping, and hitting, for dealing with the immediate world
Preoperational Thought (2 to 7 years): Children learn to think- to use symbols and internal images- but their thinking is unsystematic and illogical.
Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years): Children develop the capacity to think systematically, but only when they can refer to concrete objects and activities.
Formal Operations (11 to adulthood): Young people develop the capacity to think systematically on a purely abstract and hypothetical plane.

6. Conservation
Conservation is the awareness that a quantity remains the same despite a change in its appearance.
Conservation develops during the pre-operational stage and there are two substages.
1st substage: the child is clearly unable to conserve. He or she is stuck on the way something looks.
2nd substage: the child takes steps towards conservation but does not achieve it. He or she will argue over there is a change or not. At this point the child is well on his or her way to conservation and the Concrete Operations stage.

7. Conservation of Continuous Quantities
One of Piaget’s most famous experiments.
In this experiment Piaget fills two identical glass that contain the same amount of water. Then one glass is poured into a different shaped or sized glass. The child is asked if one glass has more, less, or the same as the other glass.
In the pre-operational stage the child will say one has more or less than the other. Once conservation has been achieved the child will answer that the glasses have the same amount of water despite the appearance.

8. Other Conservation Experiments
Conservation of Mass:
Take clay or Play-Doh and roll into two balls. Have child confirm they are the same. Roll one into a different shape. Are the two different or the same?
Conservation of Number:
Make two equal rows of objects and have the child confirm they are the same. Alternate one by spreading out the objects. Are the lines different or equal?

9. Achievement of Conservation
Three Arguments
Identity – Nothing has been added or taken away
Compensation – Changes cancel each other out
Inversion –It can go back to the way it was before, eg: You can pour the water back
Logical operations – this refers to the reversibility of mental actions and is demonstrated through use of the arguments presented above.

10. Hypotheses
We hypothesize that the majority of children in kindergarten will be unable to conserve and that the majority will also be under the age of six.
We hypothesize that there will be a difference in the proportion of children who can and cannot conserve in the different areas, that the children in rural areas who can conserve will be least, that the children in urban areas who can conserve will be next-most and that the children in suburban areas who can conserve will be the most.

11. Responses Urban Child’s Code Response 1 Water Response 2 Clay
Response 3 Pennies
Response 4 Pennies
2F5
Small,
because it’s all the way up here and it’s all the way down there
Snake,
because this one’s long and this one’s short like a ball. It is a ball!
Same,
because it’s this little
because it’s spreaded out, it’s the same, but it’s not put together
1M5
because the water’s higher and the jar is littler than this one
because it’s longer and a little bit wider
same length, same size
Long,
because it’s spreaded out bigger and wider

12. Responses Suburban Child’s Code Response 1 Water Response 3 Clay
Response 4 Pennies
Response 5 Pennies
1M5
Small,
because "this one has water all the way to here" *points at the top of the water*
Snake,
it's straight and it has more playdoh - weighed them, one soft, one hard
Counted,
Same,
because they both have 15
they both have 15 again
11F6
because that one's full and that one's halfway
because this one's in a ball and this one's in a line
because they're all the same
Long,
because this one's long and this one's shorter

13. Responses Rural Child’s Code Response 1 Water Response 2 Clay
Response 3 Pennies
Response 4 Pennies
4F5
Small,
because the water is up here
Snake,
because it’s bigger than that one
Same,
because it matches
Long,
because it’s got more longer
12M5
because it’s the same water
because it’s the same clay
because there’s 15 and 15
because there’s 15, you just spreaded them out

14. Results Overview
Urban School: out of 6 students, 2 could conserve numbers
Suburban School: out of 17 students, 3 could conserve numbers
Rural School: out of 15 students, 1 could conserve on all levels

15. Interesting Points Gender Age
Of the students at the urban school who could conserve, both were female.
Of the students at the suburban school who could conserve, two were male and one was female.
The student who could conserve at the rural school was male.
Age
Of the students at the urban school who conserve, both were 5 years old.
Of the students at the suburban school who could conserve, two were six (one male and one female) and one was five.
The student who could conserve at the rural school was 5.

16. Nature or Nurture? Rousseau Piaget Locke Nature Nurture
Piaget belongs somewhere in the middle, yet closer to the Nature side. He believes that social interaction is necessary in learning, but many things, such as conservation, cannot be taught and must be allowed to develop naturally.