1. Temporal associational cortex
Domina Petric, MD

2. Temporal associational cortex
Recieves inputs from visual and auditory cortex: recognition of visual and auditory stimuli.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

3. Inferior temporal lobe
Ventral object (WHAT) recognition visual pathway!
Fusiform gyrus region is associated with recognition of human face.
Damage to visual recognition centers in the inferior temporal lobe leads to AGNOSIAS.
PROSOPAGNOSIA is the inability to recognise human face.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

4. Inferior temporal lobe
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

5. What and where visual pathways
Pinterest.com
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

6. Memory function of temporal associational cortex
II.
Memory function of temporal associational cortex
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

7. Categories of human memory
Declarative (available to consciousness)
Daily episodes
Words and their meanings
History
Nondeclarative (not available to consciousness)
Motor skills
Associations
Puzzle-solving skills
Priming cues
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

8. Categories of human memory
Forgetting
Long-term memory (days-years)
Working memory (seconds-minutes)
Immediate memory (fraction of seconds)
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

9. Parahippocampal gyrus
It is important for the capacity to consolidate the moment and built long-term memory.
Hippocampus is critical brain structure for the acquisition of declarative memory.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

10. Parahippocampal gyrus
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

11. Hippocampus https://inside-the-brain.com
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

12. Medial temporal lobe memory system
PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS
HIPPOCAMPUS
The hippocampus is forming the floor and medial wall of the lateral ventricle.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

13. Hippocampus
Hippocampus is the simplest of all cortical structures (archicortex).
Its function is consolidating declarative memory.
Hippocampus recieves inputs from the parahippocampal gyrus.
First to recieve inputs are neurons of DENTATE GYRUS.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

14. Dentate gyrus and hippocampus
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

15. Medial temporal lobe memory system
Parahippocampal gyral formation has extensive interconnections with other associational cortices.
Those interconnections are critical for the storage and the recall of the informations.
Lesions in the medial temporal lobe cause AMNESIA (pathological forgetting).
Amnesia can be anterograde or retrograde.
If there is damage to the hippocampus, there will be anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

16. Declarative and procedural memory systems
Acquisition and storage of declarative informations
Acquisition and storage of nondeclarative informations
Long term storage: Wernike´s area for the meaning of words, temporal cortex for the memories of objects and faces...
Long term storage: cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex and other sites related to motor behavior
Short-term memory storage: hippocampus and related structures
Short-term memory storage: unknown sites widespread through the brain
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

17. Alzheimer´s disease
Neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the cerebral cortex, especially the medial temporal lobe and parietal associational cortex.
Senile plaque is an extracellular accumulation of proteins.
Neurofibrillary tangle is an intracellular inclusion that is present in neurons affected with neurodegenerative disorder (Alzheimer´s disease in particular).
Patients with Alzheimer´s disease tend to have difficulties with creating new memories, but they do not have a problem with childhood memories (at least in the first stage of disease).
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

18. Temporal lobe and language
III.
Temporal lobe and language
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

19. Wernicke´s and Broca´s area
Wernicke´s area is located in the posterior one third of superior temporal gyrus and it is a network of more widely spread neuronal centers that are critical for recognition and interpretation of language.
Broca´s area is involved in production of speech and again it is not one single area, but rather a network of more widely spread neuronal centers that are critical for speech production.
Broca´s area is located in the posterior one third of the inferior frontal gyrus.
Broca´s area is involved in vocal articulation and production of written language.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

20. Aphasia Broca´s aphasia Wernike´s aphasia halting speech
tendency to repeat phrases or words (perseveration)
disordered syntax
disordered grammar
disordered structure of individual words
comprenhension intact
fluent speech
little spontaneous repetition
syntax adequate
grammar adequate
contrived or innapropriate words
comprenhension not intact
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

21. Aphasia
Wernike´s and Broca´s neural networks are interconnected with white matter structures.
Damage of those white matter pathways would produce combined aphasia.
Global aphasia is associated with a stroke involving the entire middle cerebral arterty distribution (both Wernicke´s and Broca´s neural networks).
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

22. Functional language neural networks
Broca´s and Werkicke´s neural networks are lateralised to the left hemisphere in the vast majority of people.
Functional language neural networks are localised in the left hemisphere for all right handed people and in 80% of left handed people.
Functional language neural networks are localised in the right hemisphere for 20% of left handed people.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

23. Non-dominant hemisphere
There are language neural networks also in non-dominant hemisphere, but the organisation is different.
Left planum temporale is usually bigger than the right planum temporale.
Right Wernicke´s neural network is associated with recognition and interpretation of emotional component of speech.
Right Broca´s neural network is important for imbuing speech with emotion.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

24. Women vs. men
Women tend to have less lateralisation of language neural networks then the men do.
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University

25. Literature
neuroscience: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University
Pinterest.com
Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University