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Give Me Liberty! Norton Media Library An American History
Chapter 1 Give Me Liberty! An American History Second Edition Volume 1 by Eric Foner
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I. First Americans Arrival of Native Americans
Gradual settlement across Americas Environmental change and rise of agriculture Aztec and Inca Empires
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I. First Americans (cont’d)
North American Indians Wide-ranging and evolving societies Mississippi Valley Ohio River Valley Southwest West Coast Great Plains Southeast Northeast Interrelations among Indian societies Trade Diplomacy War
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I. First Americans (cont’d)
North American Indians Distinguishing factors among Indian societies Political organization Religious beliefs Language Absence of shared identity Common characteristics among Indian societies Spiritual outlook Place of ritual Views on natural and supernatural Views on secular and religious Conceptions of property Relative lack of material inequality Systems of gender relations European disdain for Indian customs and values
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II. Indian freedom, European freedom
Indian conceptions of freedom Basis in collective belonging, self-determination, mutuality Absence of basis in individual autonomy, private property European incomprehension of European conceptions of freedom Christian liberty Freedom from sin No freedom of religious choice Freedom and inequality in early modern England Emphasis on ordered, hierarchical society Gender hierarchies Class hierarchies Unequal distribution of freedoms
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III. Start of European expansion
Initial aims Commercial sea route to Asia Circumvention of Islamic middlemen Eastward expansion Portugal’s exploration, extension of trading empire West Africa Cape of Good Hope India Far East Portugal’s colonization of Atlantic islands Sugar plantations Slaves from Africa
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III. Start of European expansion (cont’d)
Slavery and Africa Traditional patterns of African slavery Acceleration of slave trade following European arrival Westward expansion Voyages of Christopher Columbus Quest for westward route to Asia Sponsorship of Spain First Spanish presence in New World Settlements at Hispaniola Explorations by Amerigo Vespucci First English and Portuguese presence in New World John Cabot (Newfoundland) Pedro Cabral (Brazil)
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IV. Spanish conquest of New World
Motivations Acquisition of wealth National glory Spread of Catholicism The Conquistadores Vasco Núňez de Balboa’s expedition to Panama, the Pacific Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition around the world Hernán Cortés’s conquest of the Aztecs Background on Aztec empire Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the Aztecs Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas Background on Inca empire Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the Incas
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V. Demographic consequences of European arrival in the Americas
“Columbian exchange” of goods and people Devastation of Indian population Breadth and magnitude Causes War Enslavement Disease
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
Breadth System of colonial government Curbing of conquistador aggression Establishment of top-down royal governance Emergence of locally based governance Exploitation of Indian labor Gold and silver mines Large-scale farms (haciendas) Emigration from Spain Volume Social composition Impact of native societies on empire’s prospects
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Gestation of a hybrid culture; Mestizos Justifications for conquest Perception of cultural superiority Old-World precedent for violent crusades Papal bull dividing New World between Spain and Portugal Imperative to spread Catholicism Versus heathenism Versus Protestantism
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Spain and the Indians Dual agenda of saving souls and exploiting labor External restraints on brutalization of Indians Pope Paul III’s ban on Indian enslavement Bartolomé de las Casas’s Destruction of the Indies Spanish reforms of colonist-Indian relations Abolition of Indian enslavement Abolition of encomienda system Implementation of repartimiento system Continuing abuse of Indians
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Colonial labor system at end of sixteenth century Involuntary wage labor by Indians Slave labor by Africans Emergence of Black Legend image of Spanish colonizers Spanish explorations of North America Motivations Riches Strategic bases Religious conversion
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Spanish explorations of North America Exploratory expeditions Juan Ponce de Léon Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Hernando de Soto Cabeza de Vaca Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Devastation of Indian communities Establishment of Spanish settlements In present-day Southeast In present-day Southwest
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Pueblo Revolt Sources of Pueblo resentment of colonial authorities Labor exploitation Pressure to convert to Catholicism Assault on Pueblo religious traditions Failure to protect Pueblos from drought, external attacks The 1680 Revolt Popé Background Leadership Unity of Pueblo rebels Defeat and ouster of Spanish colonizers
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VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century) (cont’d)
Pueblo Revolt Aftermath of revolt Eradication of Spanish cultural presence Collapse of Pueblo unity Return of Spanish colonial rule Easing of colonial practices toward Pueblos
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VII. The French and Dutch empires
Overall significance As part of Atlantic rivalry with Spain Modesty of, compared to Spanish empire The French empire Initial aims Initial obstacles Establishment and scope of Relations with Indians Social and economic arrangements Limits of growth
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VII. The French and Dutch empires (cont’d)
The Dutch empire Establishment and scope of Place within Dutch commercial empire Conceptions of liberty and toleration Social and economic arrangements Limits of growth Relations with Indians
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Give Me Liberty! An American History
End slide This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set for Chapter 1 Give Me Liberty! An American History 2nd Edition, Volume 1 by Eric Foner W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee-Owned
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