1. Sociological Research Methods
Review #2

2. 14 Review Questions Name three types of research
Quantitative (Deductive)
Qualitative (Inductive)
Descriptive
Name the four categories of research
Exploratory
Explanatory
Evaluative
Name at least two methods used to collect data
Surveys
Interviews
Participant Observation
What are the two types of samples?
Non-probability (four types)
Availability
Quota
Purposive
Snowball
Probability
Simple random sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample
Cluster sample

3. What are the two types of variables found in research?
Independent
Dependent
What are the three criteria for determining causation?
Correlation (association)
Time-Order
Non-Spuriousnness
What is “correlation” and what two types are there?
Positive
Negative
What is the difference between reliability and measurement validity?
What are the three types of validity and what are they?
Measurement
External (cross-population generalizability)
Internal (causal)

4. Conceptualization & Operationalization
What is conceptualization?
What is operationalization?
What is reliability? What are the four types?
Test-retest
Interitem
Alternate forms
Interobserver
What is validity? What are the four types?
Face
Content
Criterion
Construct
What are the four levels of measurement?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

5. Identifying Variables & Correlations
As income increases crime decreases
I= Level of Income D= Level of crime
Negative Correlation
The less religious a person is the lower his/her income will be
I= Level of religiosity D= Income Level
Positive Correlation
The more religious a person is the more likely the person is to be a republican
I= Level of religiosity D= whether or not one is a republican
Can’t measure correlation
The faster one drives the greater the risk of getting into an accident
I= Driving speed D=The risk of getting into an accident
Athletes will score higher on the history 101 exam than non-athletes
I= Whether or not one is an athlete D= History 101 exam score