1. Population Estimates and Projections in the U. S. John F. Long www.usademography.com

2. Population Estimates and Projections Both Estimates and Projections Both Estimates and Projections –Calculate the size of the population in the absence of complete demographic data –May also calculate demographic characteristics –Are used for planning and policy decisions Population Projections Population Projections –Project trends beyond the time interval of the input data –Use mathematical models of varying sophistication –Often use models of components of demographic change: births, deaths, migration, and immigration Population Estimates Population Estimates –Estimate population using data from the same time period –May use demographic data: births and deaths –May use indicator variables – housing, administrative records

3. Projection: Simple Extrapolation P x+1 t+1 = (P x t ) ((P x t )/(P x-1 t-1 )) where, P x t is the population age x in a given place at time t

4. U.S. Population: Census Counts from 1790 and Projections for 1860-1930 Source: U.S Census Bureau, Decennial Censuses 1790-1930 ; Abraham Lincoln, Annual Message to Congress: December 1, 1862.

5. Population Projections Using Components of Change Begins with a measured base population (census, etc) Begins with a measured base population (census, etc) Calculates trends in births, death, migration Calculates trends in births, death, migration Usually based on cohort-component method Usually based on cohort-component method May used multi-regional projection matrix methods May used multi-regional projection matrix methods Accepted method for official U.S. population projections Accepted method for official U.S. population projections

6. Population A by age, race, and sex Place A Population B by age, race, and sex Place B Population C by age, race, and sex Place C Migration

7. Component-based Projections P x+1 t+1 = P x t + B (if x<0) - D x + I x - O x where, P x t is the population age x in a given place at time t B is the number of births in a given place between t and t+1 D x is then number of deaths age x in a given place between t and t+1 I x is the number of in-migrants age x to a given place between t and t+1 O x is the number of out-migrants age x from a given place between t and t+1.

8. Development of Demographic Accounting Approach –Nationwide birth and death registration began in the early 1900s –Estimates and projections for states, counties, and places developed in the last half of the 20 th century –Demographic Analysis became a key tool to evaluate decennial census quality –Integrated accounting system implicit in the American Community Survey for the 21 st century

9. Elements of US Demographic Accounting System Master Address Files Master Address Files Decennial Censuses Decennial Censuses Birth and Death Registers (NCHS) Birth and Death Registers (NCHS) Immigration Data (INS & ACS) Immigration Data (INS & ACS) Domestic Migration Data (IRS) Domestic Migration Data (IRS) Adjustments and Corrections Adjustments and Corrections American Community Survey American Community Survey

10. Master Address Files Importance of tying population to geography Importance of tying population to geography Address canvassing prior to census year Address canvassing prior to census year Corrections during census operation Corrections during census operation Updates between censuses Updates between censuses Provides frame for census and survey operations Provides frame for census and survey operations Issues with permits, construction, demolitions, and conversions Issues with permits, construction, demolitions, and conversions Addresses vs. physical location. Addresses vs. physical location.

11. Decennial Census Counts Base on which all of system is built Base on which all of system is built Provides ground truth check of accounting system Provides ground truth check of accounting system Key demographic data collected: location, relationship, sex, age, race, Hispanic origin Key demographic data collected: location, relationship, sex, age, race, Hispanic origin

12. Measure Death and Birth Components Birth Registration Birth Registration – Ties birth to place of residence of mother –Race data is for parents not child – and uses older classification system –Completeness of registration is assumed Death registration Death registration –Ties death to place of residence or last address? –Race is not self reported –Completeness and speed of tabulation is an issue

13. Estimating International Migration Flows Legal immigration Legal immigration –Difference between residence change and legal status change –Problems with place of intended residence –Completeness issues Legal Emigration Legal Emigration –Lack of data collection when leaving the country –Problems of using other countries data Illegal immigration Illegal immigration –Methods are often indirect –Question of census coverage Alternative data from the American Community Survey Alternative data from the American Community Survey

14. Measuring Domestic Migration Use of matched IRS returns to provide county in and out migration Use of matched IRS returns to provide county in and out migration Coverage of IRS data Coverage of IRS data Assigning age, race, hispanic origin, and sex data Assigning age, race, hispanic origin, and sex data Timing of data collection and tabulation Timing of data collection and tabulation

15. Develop Yearly Population Estimates and Controls Develop annual national, state, county, and place data for funding and other administrative uses Develop annual national, state, county, and place data for funding and other administrative uses Provide county age, race, sex, Hispanic origin controls for the American Community Survey Provide county age, race, sex, Hispanic origin controls for the American Community Survey Issues of timeliness and accuracy of input data Issues of timeliness and accuracy of input data

16. Problems with an Accounting System Errors in specifying the system can multiply over time Errors in specifying the system can multiply over time Errors in data input can cause faulty results Errors in data input can cause faulty results Structure of the system may change over time Structure of the system may change over time

17. Reconcile with new decennial census data Need to recalibrate estimates from demographic accounting with decennial census results Need to recalibrate estimates from demographic accounting with decennial census results Census coverage error vs. population estimation error Census coverage error vs. population estimation error Incorporating error of closure corrections into new estimates. Incorporating error of closure corrections into new estimates.

18. Reconciling Inventory and Accounting Systems Audit of the current demographic accounts Audit of the current demographic accounts –Differences with a Population Register –Potential inconsistencies in the system –Future Hazards and Opportunities