COMP101-COMPUTER SKILLS Chapter 5 Introduction to the Internet

COMP101-COMPUTER SKILLS Chapter 5 Introduction to the Internet

Introduction to the Internet Types of Internet Connections
Course Contents Introduction to the Internet Types of Internet Connections Web Browsers Internet Advantages and Disadvantages Things on Internet Internet Communication Internet Ethics & Internet Threats Internet security

Introduction to the Internet
Internet refers to network of networks. In this network each computer is recognized by a globally unique address known as IP address. Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the web.

Development The concept of Internet was originated in 1969. The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.

Intranet Intranet is defined as private network of computers within an organization with its own server and firewall. Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be connected to each other. PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside of the intranet.

Internet vs. Intranet Intranet Internet Localized Network. Worldwide Network Doesn't have access to Intranet Have access to Internet. More Expensive Less Expensive More Safe Less Safe More Reliability Less Reliability Table 5.1 Internet vs. Intranet

WWW (World Wide Web) The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit data. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and video.

How to Connect to Internet Figure 5.1 Connect to Internet

Internet Service Providers (ISP) Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company offering access to internet. ISP can provide different methods for Internet connections with different characteristics and different costs.

Internet Service Providers (ISP) They offer various services: Internet Access Domain name registration Dial-up access Leased line access

Types of Internet Connections
Analog - Dial-Up. ISDN. DSL. Cable. Wireless. Satellite. Cellular.

Analog: Dial-up Internet Access Dial-up connection uses telephone line to connect PC to the internet. It requires a modem to setup dial-up connection. This modem works as an interface between PC and the telephone line. A dial up connection software with the account and phone number given to you by the ISP. An analog Internet connection is both economical and slow. Using internet Phone is BUSY.

Figure 5.2 Access internet using modem

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN is abbreviation of Integrated Services Digital Network. It establishes the connection using the phone lines which carry digital signals instead of analog signals. Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.

Figure 5.3 Access Internet ISDN connection

DSL - Digital Subscriber Line DSL is abbreviation of Digital Subscriber Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it provides connection over ordinary telephone lines. DSL is frequently referred to as an "always ON" connection.

Figure 5.4 Access Internet DSL connection

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line (Fast Broadband) ADSL is abbreviation of Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line. It is a form of broadband connection as it provides connection over ordinary telephone lines. Offers incredible performance compared with dial-up.

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Line Quite expensive compared with dial-up It splits the phone line into two separate channels: one for data (Internet) one for voice (phone calls). So users can talk on the phone and be connected to the Internet at the same time. ADSL have different speed specifications such as 512Kbps, 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 4Mbps, 8Mbps, 12Mbps, 24Mbps, 36Mbps, 60Mbps.

SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscribers Line SDSL supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic. Symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a technology based on DSL, which enables data transfer on a single line and allows symmetric bandwidth on the upstream and downstream.

Cable TV Internet Connection Cable TV Internet connection is provided through Cable TV lines. It uses coaxial cable which is capable of transferring data at much higher speed than common telephone line. A cable modem is used to access this service, provided by the cable operator.

Figure 5.5 Access Internet Cable TV connection

Satellite Internet Connection Satellite Internet connection offers high speed connection to the internet. Satellite Internet connection can help you obtain high-speed Internet if you live in rural areas where cable, DSL, ADSL and fiber-optic Internet are not available.

Figure 5.6 Access Internet satellite connection

Wireless Internet Connection Wireless Internet Connection makes use of radio frequency bands to connect to the internet and offers a very high speed. The wireless internet connection can be obtained by either WiFi or Bluetooth. Wi Fi wireless technology is based on IEEE standards. Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of short-wavelength radio waves.

Web Browser Web Browser
Is the application program used to open any website. As with most modern browsers, supports Java, JavaScript, ActiveX, RSS, CSS and Ajax, with built-in malware and phishing protection. Examples Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple Safari.

Web Browser Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Protocol is connectionless and unreliable protocol. It ensures no guarantee of successfully transmission of data. In order to make it reliable, it must be paired with reliable protocol such as TCP at the transport layer.

Web Browser Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
TCP is a connection oriented protocol and offers end-to-end packet delivery. It acts as back bone for connection. TCP is a reliable and connection oriented protocol. Stream Data Transfer.

Web Browser HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTP is a communication protocol. It defines mechanism for communication between (clients) browser and the web server. The communication between browser and server takes place in request and response pairs. Web page is nothing but a Hyper Text that is written using the HTML.

Web Browser Web Addresses
Domain Names or Web Site addresses are composed of the following parts: The Protocol: e.g. http followed by (:) and (//). WWW: This means that this address is a World Wide Web address. Domain Name: the name or the abbreviation of the registered Organization or, may be, the person who are registered to get a web address.

Web Browser Domain Name
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. Domain Name System helps to resolve the host name to an address. For example : the domain name is unizwa.edu.om

Table 5.2 Top level domain (TLD)
Web Browser Domain Name Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. Top level domain (TLD) Purpose .gov Government Agencies .edu Educational Institutions .org Organizations (nonprofit) .mil Military .com Commercial Business .net Network Organizations Info Informative Internet Resources Table 5.2 Top level domain (TLD)

Web Browser Domain Name
Different countries use different suffixes, usually two letters. Abbreviation for Country Country Name .om Oman .ae United Arab Emirates .qa Qatar .kw Kuwait .bh Bahrain .iq Iraq .in India .uk United Kingdom Table 5.3 country domain

Web Browser Internet Address
An Internet address uniquely identifies a node on the Internet. Every computer that communicates over the Internet is assigned an IP address that uniquely identifies the device and distinguishes it from other computers on the Internet. IP address is 32 bits (4 bytes) long. For example

Web Browser URL Uniform Resource Locator (URL) refers to a web address which uniquely identifies a document over the internet. The first part of the URL is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use. The second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. Example -

Web Browser URL Types Absolute URL
Absolute URL is a complete address of a resource on the web. Comprises of protocol used, server name, path name and file name. For example where: http is the protocol. unizwa.edu is the server name. index.php is the file name.

Web Browser URL Types Relative URL
Relative URL is a partial address of a webpage. Unlike absolute URL, the protocol and server part are omitted from relative URL. Relative URLs are used for internal links i.e. to create links to file that are part of same website as the Webpages on which you are placing the link. For example: about.html

Table 5.4 Absolute and Relative URL
Web Browser URL Types Difference between Absolute and Relative URL Absolute URL Relative URL Used to link web pages on different websites Used to link web pages within the same website. Difficult to manage. Easy to Manage Changes when the server name or directory name changes Remains same even of we change the server name or directory name. Take time to access Comparatively faster to access. Table 5.4 Absolute and Relative URL

Internet Advantages and Disadvantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss some of the advantages of Internet: Faster Communication - Technology Information Resources Education Entertainment for Everyone Social Networking and Staying Connected Online Services and E-commerce

Internet Advantages and Disadvantages
However, Internet has proved to be a powerful source of information in almost every field. Yet there exists many disadvantages discussed below: Theft of Personal information Spamming Malware Threats / Virus threat CyberCrime

Things on Internet Internet Services allows us to access huge amount of information such as text, graphics, sound and software over the internet. Communication Services Information Services Web Services WWW-(World Wide Web) Services

Things on Internet E-mail (Electronic Mail)
is an extremely popular method of electronic communication. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people. Every mail box has a unique name referred to as account/address. The most popular domains that provide service are Yahoo, Gmail and Hotmail.

Things on Internet Protocols used in e-mail communication
Protocols are set of rules that help the client to properly transmit the information to or from the mail server. SMPTP: stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. POP: stands for Post Office Protocol. It is generally used to support a single client. IMAP: stands for Internet Message Access Protocol.

Things on Internet Website
Website is a location on web and is hosted on a web server. It is a set of related web pages. It is accessed using Internet address known as Uniform Resource Locator.

Things on Internet Static Websites
Static websites are also known as flat or stationary websites. They are loaded on the client’s browser as exactly they are stored on the web server. Such websites contain only static information. User can only read the information but can’t do any modification or interact with the information.

Figure 5.7 Static websites
Things on Internet Figure 5.7 Static websites

Things on Internet Dynamic Websites
Dynamic websites shows different information at different point of time. Example: e-commerce site, online examination, etc. It is possible to change a portion of a web page without loading the entire web page. It’s require server application language like PHP , Asp.NET, JSP etc.

Figure 5.8 Client / Server - side dynamic web page
Things on Internet Figure 5.8 Client / Server - side dynamic web page

Things on Internet Downloading and Uploading Files
Is to collect or send files from or to the internet. It is an important characteristic of the internet. When we browse the web or when we attach a file through an . To upload can refer to the sending of data from a local system to a remote system such as a server or another client. To download means to receive data to a local system from a remote system. Example : box, YouTube Downloader, uTorrent

Internet Communication
Internet communication refers to the number of different ways people can communicate over the World Wide Web. It includes chat rooms, , instant messaging, forums, social networking sites and voice over IP

Web 2.0 Web 2.0 is a term used to describe advanced Internet technologies and applications that enable collaboration and information sharing. Some of the popular Web 2.0 technologies are blogs, social networks and RSS. A major phenomenon of Web 2.0 technologies is the rise of social media.

The Business Value of Social Media Developing social networks through the use of social media adds value to businesses. In the past, organizations relied on sales people, customer support and public relations to build their social capital.

Social Networking Alternatively referred to as a virtual community. A social networking website that brings people together to talk, share ideas and interests, or make new friends. This type of collaboration and sharing of data is often referred to as social media.

Social Networking This websites that allow people to connect and build online communities that share common interests or activities. Users may use various ways to interact such as chatting, messaging and video sharing. Users also have the ability to create groups that share the common interests.

Social Networking Facebook is a social networking site that connects users to friends, family, co-workers, groups and businesses. Users create profiles and develop a network in which they can exchange information, share thoughts, photos, news stories and much more.

Social Networking Twitter is an online social networking service that enables users to send and read short 140-character messages called "tweets". Registered users can read and post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them.

Social Networking LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking service. It is mainly used for professional networking.

Social Networking Chat allows for real-time interactive conversations over the Internet. Chat allows groups of people to communicate. Instant Messaging (IM) is a type of chat service that allows participants to create private channels. Example: Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger and AOL Instant Messenger. Skype, Whatapps, IMO, Viber, Wechat, LINE.

Social Networking Video Share is an IP Multimedia System (IMS) enabled service for mobile networks that allows users engaged in a video streaming session. Newsgroups are discussion groups on electronic bulletin boards. People share information and ideas on a specific topic. Anyone can post messages to newsgroups. Thousands of newsgroups exist on practically any topic imaginable.

Social Networking Blogs (short for weblog) is a personal online journal that is frequently updated and intended for general public consumption. It is a kind of web site that is updated regularly, with content about almost anything. Blogs generally represent the personality of the author or reflect the purpose of the Web site that hosts the blog. Blog is a Content Management System (CMS), an easy way of publishing articles on the internet.

Social Networking Blog/Blogger/Blogging A forum can contain several sub forums. Each of sub forums may contain a number of topics. Within a forum’s topic, each new discussion started is called a thread. This thread can be replied by as many people as so wish. Like online journalism.

Social Networking Blog/Blogger/Blogging Blog: A type of website used to publish content on the internet. Blogger: A person who writes for a blog. Blogging: Writing for blogs is referred as blogging.

Social Networking Internet forum : An online discussion group. Online services and bulletin board services (BBS's) provide a variety of forums, in which participants with common interests can exchange open messages. Forums are sometimes called newsgroups (in the Internet world) or conferences.

Web search engine A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files. General search engine - Bing, Google, Yahoo! Metasearch search engine - Blingo, WebCrawler, DeeperWeb. Education search engine - Noodle Education, Google Scholar.

Web search engine Job search engine - Monster.com, JobStreet.com, Bayt.com News search engine - Yahoo! News, Google News People search engine - InfoSpace, PeekYou Multimedia search engine - Google Video, Yahoo! Video BitTorrent search engine - Torrentz Maps search engine - Bing Maps, Google Maps, WikiMapia, Yahoo! Maps Human answers search engine - Answers.com, WikiHow, Yahoo!

Web search engine Wikipedia Is a free, online, collaborative encyclopedia Is an excellent example of collaborative projects among large numbers of strangers worldwide that produce extremely valuable product for public. Is one of the Internet’s most used reference sites, even so, some articles may contain errors. Thousands of volunteers write and continually edit and update Wikipedia. Anyone who chooses to participate can do so.

e-learning e-learning refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn. e-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. Many specialized high school courses and some complete college programs are offered entirely on the web.

e-learning Example: University of Nizwa EDUWAVE E-Learning System, University of Nizwa MOODLE E-Learning System, Arab Open University E-Learning System.

e-learning - Benefits of e-learning Scalable, Efficient and Fast E-learning gives you the ability to quickly create and communicate new policies and training. Capacity and consistency E-learning offers the ability to achieve high levels of coverage among your target audience and ensures the message communicated is consistent. Higher Learning Retention than traditional learning Blended learning results in higher knowledge retention rate as it appeals to a wider range of learning styles.

E-government E-government (short for electronic government, also known as e-govt, Internet government, digital government, online government, or connected government). Consists of the digital interactions between: G2G (government to governments) G2C (government to citizens) G2E (government to employees) G2B (government to businesses)

Benefits of e-government Is the delivery of government services through the Internet. Is to be able to offer an bigger portfolio of public services to citizens in an efficient and cost effective manner. It include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services and more transparency and accountability.

Benefits of e-government Example: Royal Oman Police Website Example: e-Oman Website Example: e-Oman Information portal website

E-Commerce Electronics Commerce is a approach of modern business which addresses the need of business organizations, vendors and customers to reduce cost and improve the quality of goods and services while increasing the speed of delivery. Refers to buying and selling items online. Usually payments via those websites are handled by trusted intermediary companies such as PayPal.

E-Commerce - Benefits: Non-Cash Payment E-Commerce enables use of credit cards, debit cards, smart cards, electronic fund transfer via bank's website and other modes of electronics payment. 24x7 Service availability Available to customers anytime, anywhere. Allow to buy from different countries without moving a step.

E-Commerce - Benefits: Example: Online shopping

Internet Ethics & Internet Threats
Internet ethics means acceptable behavior for using internet. We should be honest, respect the rights and property of others on the internet. Unethical and Unacceptable Ethics: Seek to gain unauthorized access to the resources of the Internet Disrupt (Disturb) the intended use of the Internet. Destroy the integrity of computer-based information.

Internet privacy Internet privacy is the privacy and security level of personal data published via the Internet. Is the ability to control what information you would accept to be revealed about yourself over the Internet, and control who can access that information.

Internet privacy Your personal can be used by third parties without your knowledge. Without you knowledge, third parties can track the websites you have visited.

Internet privacy risks The Internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging information, leading to a high risk of Intrusion or Phishing. Threats A web threat is any threat that uses the World Wide Web to facilitate cybercrime. Web threats use multiple types of malware and fraud.

Intrusion Breaking into computers and computer networks, either for profit or just a challenge. Phishing An Internet hacking activity used to steal secure user data, including username, password, bank account number, security PIN or credit card number.

Pharming An Internet hacking activity used to redirect a legitimate website visitor to a different IP address. Spyware An offline application that obtains data without a user's consent. When the computer is online, previously acquired data is sent to the spyware source.

Malware An application used to illegally damage online and offline computer users through Trojans, viruses and spyware. Viruses Small pieces of software that attach themselves to a real program. Worms Are self-replicating computer programs.

Trojan horses Harmful piece of software that looks legitimate. Adware Software package, which automatically plays, or displays advertisements to a computer. Spam Spam may be defined as unwanted s. Spam is usually considered to be electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings.

Internet security Internet security
Internet security relies on specific resources and standards for protecting data that gets sent through the Internet. It helps to safeguard data. Internet privacy violation risks may be minimized, as follows: Always use preventative software applications, such as anti-virus, anti-malware, anti-spam and firewalls. Avoid shopping on unreliable websites. Avoid exposing personal data on websites with lower security levels. Clear the browser's cache and browsing history on a consistent basis. Always use very strong passwords consisting of letters, numerals and special characters.

Internet security Internet security : Methods to Protect the Transfer of Data Encryption: Is the process of transforming original information into unreadable data before sending through the Internet. Usually encrypted web pages are identified by “https” instead of “http” for the protocol in their web address starter. Firewall: It is hardware or software that controls the access between networks. It is usually used as a shield between private networks and the Internet. All the messages whether incoming or outgoing must pass through the firewall, and only authorized traffic is allowed.

Internet security Antivirus Programs
Antivirus Programs and Internet Security Programs are also useful in protecting computer. Examples: Bitdefender Internet Security Kaspersky Internet Security McAfee Internet Security Norton Internet Security with Backup Avira Internet Security Suite

COMP101-COMPUTER SKILLS Chapter 5 Introduction to the Internet

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