1. Database Systems
Instructor Name: Muhammad Hafeez
Lecture-1

2. Course Overview Introduction to Database
Develop understanding of Business/ commercial data oriented application
Develop the concepts of both theoretical as well as practical aspects of database
Main Emphasis on:
Introduction to Database
Database Design (Conceptual and Logical)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Database Implementation (Through a commercial RDBMS) 2

3. Grading Semester Work (20%) Mid-Term (20%) Final-Term (60%)
Assignments & Quizzes (5%)
Semester Project (15%)
Mid-Term (20%)
Final-Term (60%) 3

4. Guidelines This is tentative grading
Quizzes shall be unannounced you can expect quiz on daily basis
Each Semester Project can be done in the group of at most two students
Each group select a unique topic of interest which my shall not be duplicated
Submit your topic till Mid-Term after duly approved from the course instructor
The detailed requirement of semester project shall be delivered to you as the course proceed 4

5. Recommended Books
Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al.
Database System: Design, Implementation and Management, by Cathrine Recordo
Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5/E, Elmasri and Navathe
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management 5E, R.Connolly and P. Begg, 5

6. Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al.
Lecture Reference
Modern Database Management, 11th Edition, Jaffery A. Hoffer et al.
CHAPTER - 1 6

7. Initial systems to store and manage data files in the computers
Manual File System
Initial systems to store and manage data files in the computers 7

8. Manual File System Examination System/ Application Prorams
Library Systems/ Application Programs
Scholarship Systems/ Application Programs
Examination Data Files
Library Data Files
Scholarship Data Files 8

9. Disadvantages of File Systems
Duplicate Data
Inconsistent Data
Non-sharing of data
Program-Data Dependence 9

10. Database Approach Examination/ Application Programs
Library/ Application Programs
Scholarship/ Application Programs
Database Management System
University Database 10

11. Advantages of Database Systems
Program Data Independence
Separation of Data Descriptions from application programs
Planned Data Redundancy
Data is stored at single location and accessed anywhere in the database
Improved Data Consistency
Change in data is done in the entire database
Improved Data Sharing
Data is accessed at different user views from the same database
Increase Productivity of Applications
Enhance and improve the production of new application as well as extending the existing applications 11

12. Advantages of Database Systems
Increased Enforcement of Standards
Improved Data Quality
Improved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness
Reduced Program Maintenance
Improved Decision Support
Increase Productivity of Applications 12

13. Data
A collection of structured, unstructured data stored in a computer system. 13

14. Ali Mustafa 021-BSCS-14 Kamran 001-BSCS-14 NASIR 031-BSCS-14
Example of Data
Ali Mustafa BSCS-14
Kamran BSCS-14
NASIR BSCS-14 14

15. Information
A processed form of data to increase the knowledge of users who uses this data. 15

16. Example of Information
Government College University Lahore
List of Enrolled Students
Course Title: Database System Course Code: CS-2014
Semester: V
Student Name Roll #
Ali Mustafa BSCS-14
Kamran BSCS-14
NASIR BSCS-14 16

17. Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data.
Metadata
Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data.
Also called “Data about data”
Data types, size, allowable values etc. 17

18. Database
A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. 18

19. History of Database Evolution
Flat File Systems – ( )
Hierarchical Data Model
Network Data Model – (1960-Mid 1970)
Relational Data Model – (Mid Present) 19

20. Contd- Flat File System Data Storage Record Management
But no Relationship between data 20

21. Hierarchical Data Model
Contd-
Hierarchical Data Model
Developed to handle the large amount of data produced by complex manufacturing systems
Logically represented by up-side down tree
Each Hierarchical level or SEGMENT is equivalent to a Record type
Each parent and children has one-to-many relationship that is an advantage over the flat file system that had no relationship or navigations 21

22. Hierarchical Data Model
Contd-
Hierarchical Data Model
However, its disadvantage are:
No Standards which makes it less portable
Lack of structural independence
Only supports 1:M relationship
Complex to implement 22

23. Contd- Hierarchical Model Example23

24. Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data.
Metadata
Data that describes the properties and characteristics of user data.
Also called “Data about data”
Data types, size, allowable values etc. 24

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