1. Challenges for Managers
Challenges for Managers
Chapter 2
Organizational Behavior
Nelson & Quick
6th edition

2. Remaining Competitive: Four Major Challenges to Managers
Remaining Competitive: Four Major Challenges to Managers
Globalizing the firm’s operations
Leading a diverse workforce
Encouraging positive ethics, character, and personal integrity
Advancing and implementing technological innovation 2

3. Changing Business Perspectives
Changing Business Perspectives
From International which implies an
individual’s or organization’s
held nationality is strongly
in consciousness
To Globalization which
implies the world is free
from national boundaries and
that it is really a borderless world
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation 3

4. Changing Business Perspectives
Changing Business Perspectives
From Multinational organizations
(in which the organization was
recognized as doing business
in several countries)
To Transnational
organizations,
(in which the global viewpoint
supersedes national issues)
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation 4

5. Changes in the Global Marketplace
Changes in the Global Marketplace
Collapse of Eastern Europe
Union of East and West Berlin
Perestroika
Expansion of business with China
Guanxi - The Chinese practice of building networks for social exchange
Creation of the European Union
Establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement 5

6. Understanding Cultural Differences (Hofstede)
Understanding Cultural Differences (Hofstede)
Individualism
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity
Long-term orientation
Collectivism
Low power distance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Femininity
Short-term orientation
Reprinted with permission of Academy of Management, PO Box 3020, Briar Cliff Manor, NY Cultural
Constraints in Management Theories (Figure), G. Hofstede, Academy of Management Executive 7, (1993). Reproduced
by permission of the publisher via Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 6

7. Where the U.S. Stands Individualism Collectivism Individualism
Where the U.S. Stands
Individualism
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity
Long-term orientation
Individualism
Collectivism
Low power distance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Femininity
Short-term orientation
Low power distance
Low uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity
Short term orientation
Reprinted with permission of Academy of Management, PO Box 3020, Briar Cliff Manor, NY Cultural
Constraints in Management Theories (Figure), G. Hofstede, Academy of Management Executive 7, (1993). Reproduced
by permission of the publisher via Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 6

8. Management Careers with a Global Dimension
Expatriate manager - a manager who works in a country other than his or her home country
International executive – an executive whose job has international scope
Key competencies such managers and executives need include integrity, insightfulness, risk-taking, courage to take a stand, and ability to bring out the best in people.

9. Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity
Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity
Use of mentor/protégé relationships
Cultural sensitivity training
Cross-cultural task forces/teams
Global view of human resource functions
Planning
Recruitment and Selection
Compensation
Training and Development 8

10. Diversity
Diversity - All forms of individual differences, including culture, gender, age, ability, personality, religious affiliation, economic class, social status, military attachment, and sexual orientation
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

11. Diversity Statistics for the Workplace
Diversity Statistics for the Workplace 5%
11%
14%
68%

12. Women and Obstacles at Work
Women make up over 60% of the workforce, earn 32% of all doctorates, 52% of master’s degrees, and 50% of undergraduate degrees
BUT
Women hold less than 16.4% of Fortune 500 corporate officer positions, earn 81% of what their male counterparts do, and encounter the glass ceiling in the workplace
a transparent barrier that keeps women from rising above a certain level in organizations

13. Diversity Statistics Affecting the Workplace
Diversity Statistics Affecting the Workplace
Age
By 2030, there will be 70,000,000 older persons. People over 65 will comprise 20% of the population.
Ability
An estimated 50 million disabled live in the U.S.; their unemployment rate exceeds 50%.

14. Diversity’s Benefits & Problems
BENEFITS
PROBLEMS
Resistance to change
Lack of cohesiveness
Communication problems
Interpersonal conflicts
Slowed decision making
Attracts & retains the best human talent
Improves marketing efforts
Promotes creativity and innovation
Results in better problem solving
Enhances organizational flexibility

15. Ethical Theories Consequential Theory Rule-Based Theory Character
Ethical Theories
Consequential
Theory
An ethical theory
that
emphasizes the
consequences or
results
of behavior
Rule-Based
Theory
An ethical theory
that
emphasizes the
character of the act
Itself rather than its
effects
Character
Theory
An ethical theory
that emphasizes
the character,
personal virtues,
and integrity of the
individual 15

16. Employee Rights Issues
Computerized monitoring
Drug testing
Free speech
Downsizing & layoffs
Due process
AIDS in the workplace
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

17. Sexual Harassment = Unwanted Sexual Attention
Gender Harassment - crude comments; behaviors that convey hostility toward a particular gender
Unwanted Sexual Attention - unwanted touching, unwanted pressure for dates
Sexual Coercion - demands for sexual favors through job-related threats or promises
Harassment or
Potential Romance?
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation
Copyright ©2009
South-Western, a division
of Cengage Learning
All rights reserved

18. Organizational Justice
Distributive Justice-
fairness of the outcomes
that individuals receive
in an organization
Procedural Justice-
fairness by which the
outcomes are allocated
in an organization
Ex. Companies
in Danger
Ex. Competence
and Skill
vs.
vs.
CEO
Salaries
Race and
Gender
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

19. Individual & Organizational Responsibility
Individual & Organizational Responsibility
Whistle-Blower - an employee who informs authorities of the wrongdoing of his or her company or coworkers
Public Hero
Villain
Social Responsibility - the obligation of an organization to behave in ethical ways
Depends on whether or not the
the whistle-blowing is viewed as
more offensive the wrongdoing.

20. Rotary Four-Way Test of What We Think, Say, or Do
Rotary Four-Way Test of What We Think, Say, or Do
1. Is it the TRUTH?
2. Is it FAIR to all concerned?
3. Will it build GOODWILL and better friendships?
4. Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned?

21. Technological Innovation
Technology
The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an organization to transform inputs into products or services that meet organizational goals
Internet- integrates computer, cable, telecommunications technologies
Expert System - computer-based application using a representation of human expertise in a specialized field of knowledge to solve problems
Robotics - use of robots

22. Alternative Work Arrangements
Telecommuting - transmitting work from a
home computer to the office using a modem
Employees gain flexibility, save the commute to work, enjoy the comforts of home
Employees have distractions, lack socialization opportunities, lack interaction with supervisors, and identify less with the organization

23. Additional Alternative Work Arrangements
Additional Alternative Work Arrangements
Hoteling - employees have mobile file cabinets/lockers for personal storage; work spaces are reserved, not assigned
Satellite Offices - large facilities broken into smaller workplaces near employees’ homes
Virtual Office - people work
anytime, anywhere, with
anyone
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

24. Technological Change Requires Managers to
Technological Change Requires Managers to
Develop technical competence to gain workers’ respect
Focus on helping workers manage the stress of their work
Take advantage of the wealth of information available to motivate, coach, and counsel--not to control
Recognize the importance of intellectual property

25. Help Employees Adjust by
Involving them in decision making regarding technological change
Selecting technology that increases workers’ skill requirements
Providing effective training
Establishing support groups
Encouraging reinvention (creative application of new technology)
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

26. Four Challenges to Organizations in the New Millennium
Four Challenges to Organizations in the New Millennium
Technological
Innovation
Workforce
Diversity
Globalization
Ethics
Photos courtesy of Clips Online, © 2008 Microsoft Corporation

27. Chapter 2: Reflect & Discuss
Mr. Baseball Video Clip
What to Watch for and Ask Yourself
Does Jack Elliot behave as if he had cross-cultural training before arriving in Japan?
Is he culturally sensitive or insensitive?
What do you propose that Jack Elliot do for the rest of his time in Japan?
Mr. Baseball
The New York Yankees trade aging baseball player Jack Elliot (Tom Selleck) to the Chunichi Dragons, a Japanese team. This lighthearted comedy traces Elliot's bungling entry into Japanese culture and exposes his cultural misconceptions, which almost cost him everything—including his new girlfriend Hiroko Uchiyama (Aya Takanashi). Unknown to Jack, Hiroko’s father is “The Chief” (Ken Takakura), the Chunichi Dragons’ manager. After Elliot slowly begins to understand Japanese culture and Japanese baseball, his teammates finally accept him. This film shows many examples of Japanese culture, especially its love for baseball.
The Mr. Baseball scene takes place after “The Chief” has removed Jack from a baseball game. It shows Jack dining with Hiroko and her grandmother (Mineko Yorozuya), grandfather (Jun Hamamura), and father. The film continues with a dispute between Tom and Hiroko. Jack also learns from “The Chief” what he must do to succeed on the team.
What to Watch for and Ask Yourself
Does Jack Elliot behave as if he had cross-cultural training before arriving in Japan?
Is he culturally sensitive or insensitive?
What do you propose that Jack Elliot do for the rest of his time in Japan? 27