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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 3 Table of Contents Section 1 Looking at Cells
Cell Structure
Table of Contents
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Section 2 Cell Features
Section 3 Cell Organelles

4. Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Objectives
Describe how scientists measure the length of objects.
Relate magnification and resolution in the use of microscopes.
Analyze how light microscopes function.
Compare light microscopes with electron microscopes.
Describe the scanning tunneling microscope.

5. Cells Under the Microscope
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Cells Under the Microscope
Measuring Cell Structures
Measurements taken by scientists are expressed in metric units. The official name of the metric system is the International System of Measurements, abbreviated SI. The table below summarizes the SI units used to measure length.

6. Cells Under the Microscope, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Cells Under the Microscope, continued
Magnification is the quality of making an image appear larger than its actual size.
Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image.
Both high magnification and good resolution are needed to view the details of extremely small objects clearly.

7. Cells Under the Microscope, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Cells Under the Microscope, continued
Electron microscopes have much higher magnifying and resolving powers than light microscopes.

8. Parts of a Light Microscope
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Parts of a Light Microscope
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

9. Chapter 3 Types of Microscopes
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Types of Microscopes
Light microscopes form an image when light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen.

10. Magnification and Resolution
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Magnification and Resolution
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

11. Types of Microscopes, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Types of Microscopes, continued
Electron Microscopes
Electron microscopes form an image of a specimen using a beam of electrons rather than light.
The electron beam and specimen must be in a vacuum so that the electron beam will not bounce off of gas molecules.
Live organisms cannot be viewed with an electron microscope.

12. Types of Microscopes, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Types of Microscopes, continued
Transmission Electron Microscope
An electron beam is directed at a very thin slice of a specimen stained with metal ions. Some structures become more heavily stained than others.
The heavily stained parts absorb electrons, those that are lightly stained allow electrons to pass through.
The electrons that pass through strike a fluorescent screen, forming an image.

13. Types of Microscopes, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Types of Microscopes, continued
Scanning Electron Microscope
An electron beam is focused on a specimen coated with a very thin layer of metal.
The electrons that bounce off the specimen form an image on a fluorescent screen.
The image shows three-dimensional details of the surface of a specimen.

14. Types of Microscopes, continued
Chapter 3
Section 1 Looking at Cells
Types of Microscopes, continued
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
A needle-like probe measures differences in voltage caused by electrons that leak, or tunnel, from the surface of the object being viewed.
A computer tracks the movement of the probe across the surface of the object.
The image shows three-dimensional details of the surface of a specimen.
Live specimens and objects as small as atoms can be viewed.

15. Chapter 3 Types of Microscopes Section 1 Looking at Cells
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

16. Chapter 3 Objectives List the three parts of the cell theory.
Section 2 Cell Features
Objectives
List the three parts of the cell theory.
Determine why cells must be relatively small.
Compare the structure of prokaryotic cells with that of eukaryotic cells.
Describe the structure of cell membranes.

17. Chapter 3 The Cell Theory The Cell Theory has three parts:
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Theory
The Cell Theory has three parts:
1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.

18. Chapter 3 Cell Theory Section 2 Cell Features
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

19. The Cell Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Theory, continued
Cell Size
Small cells function more efficiently than large cells. If a cell’s surface area–to-volume ratio is too low, substances cannot enter and leave the cell well enough to meet the cell’s needs.

20. The Cell Theory, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Theory, continued
Common Cell Features
Cells share common structural features, including:
an outer boundary called the cell membrane,
interior substance called cytoplasm,
structural support called the cytoskeleton,
genetic material in the form of DNA
cellular structures that make proteins, called ribosomes

21. Chapter 3 Cytoplasm Section 2 Cell Features
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

22. Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other internal compartments. They have a cell wall, may have cilia or flagella, and have a single circular molecule of DNA.

23. Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

24. Structure of Cilia and Flagella
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Structure of Cilia and Flagella
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

25. Chapter 3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells have:
Section 2 Cell Features
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have:
A nucleus which contains the cell’s DNA
Other internal compartments called organelles.

26. Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

27. Chapter 3 Parts of an Animal Cell Section 2 Cell Features
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

28. Eukaryotic Cells, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Eukaryotic Cells, continued
The cytoskeleton provides the interior framework of a cell. There are three basic kinds of cytoskeletal fibers.
Microfilaments: long slender filaments made of the protein actin
Microtubules: hollow tubes made of the protein tubulin.
Intermediate fibers: thick ropes made of protein.

29. Eukaryotic Cells, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Eukaryotic Cells, continued
The cytoskeleton’s network of protein fibers anchors the cell’s organelles and other components of the cytoplasm.

30. Chapter 3 Cytoskeleton Section 2 Cell Features
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

31. Chapter 3 The Cell Membrane
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that determines which substances enter and leave the cell.
The selective permeability of the cell is mainly caused by the way phospholipids interact with water.
A phospholipid is a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.

32. The Cell Membrane, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Membrane, continued
Cell membranes are made of a double layer of phospholipids, called a bilayer.

33. The Cell Membrane, continued
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
The Cell Membrane, continued

34. Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Phospholipid

35. Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Lipid Bilayer

36. Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Cell Membrane

37. Parts of the Cell Membrane
Chapter 3
Section 2 Cell Features
Parts of the Cell Membrane
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

38. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Objectives
Describe the role of the nucleus in cell activities.
Analyze the role of internal membranes in protein production.
Summarize the importance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.
Identify three structure in plant cells that are absent from animal cells.

39. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
The Nucleus
The nucleus is an internal compartment that houses the cell’s DNA. Most functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the cell’s nucleus.
The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
Scattered over the surface of the nuclear envelope are many small channels called nuclear pores.

40. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
The Nucleus, continued

41. Chapter 3 The Nucleus, continued
Section 3 Cell Organelles
The Nucleus, continued
Ribosomal proteins and RNA are made in the nucleus.
Ribosomes are partially assembled in a region of the nucleus called the nucleolus.

42. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Nucleus of a Cell

43. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are the cellular structures on which proteins are made.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER is an extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell.

44. Chapter 3 Ribosomes Section 3 Cell Organelles
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

45. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
The part of the ER with attached ribosomes is called the rough ER.
The rough ER helps transport proteins that are made by the attached ribosomes.
New proteins enter the ER.
The portion of the ER that contains the completed protein pinches off to form a vesicle.
A vesicle is a small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells.

46. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
The ER moves proteins and other substances within eukaryotic cells.

47. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Ribosomes
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

48. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Packaging and Distribution of Proteins
Vesicles that contain newly made proteins move through the cytoplasm from the ER to an organelle called the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus is a set of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that serve as the packaging and distribution center of the cell.

49. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Golgi Apparatus

50. Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued

51. Chapter 3 Lysosome Section 3 Cell Organelles
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

52. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles that harvest energy from organic compounds to make ATP.
ATP is the main energy currency of cells. Most ATP is made inside the mitochondria.

53. Mitochondria, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Mitochondria, continued
Mitochondria have two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth. The inner membrane is greatly folded, and has a large surface area.
Mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondria reproduce independently of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is similar to the DNA of prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are thought to be descendents of primitive prokaryotes.

54. Mitochondria, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Mitochondria, continued
Mitochondria have an inner and an outer membrane.

55. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Mitochondrion

56. Structures of Plant Cells
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Structures of Plant Cells
Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells:
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole

57. Chapter 3 Parts of a Plant Cell Section 3 Cell Organelles
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

58. Structures of Plant Cells, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Structures of Plant Cells, continued
The cell membrane of plant cells is surrounded by a thick cell wall, composed of proteins and carbohydrates.
The cell wall
helps support and maintain the shape of the cell
protects the cell from damage
connects the cell with adjacent cells

59. Chapter 3 Parts of a Cell Wall Section 3 Cell Organelles
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

60. Structures of Plant Cells, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Structures of Plant Cells, continued
Chloroplasts are organelles that use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
Chloroplasts, along with mitochondria, supply much of the energy needed to power the activities of plant cells.
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, have their own DNA and reproduce independently of the plant cell.
Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, are thought to be descendents of ancient prokaryotes.

61. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Chloroplasts

62. Structures of Plant Cells, continued
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Structures of Plant Cells, continued
Central Vacuole:
Most of a plant cell’s volume is taken up by a large, membrane-bound space called the central vacuole.
The central vacuole stores water and may contain ions, nutrients, and wastes.

63. Chapter 3 Vacuoles Section 3 Cell Organelles
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

64. Comparing Plant and Animal Cells
Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

65. Chapter 3
Section 3 Cell Organelles
Summary of Organelles

66. Chapter 3 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the figure below and your knowledge of science to answer questions 1–3.

67. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which structures in this cell are also found in prokaryotic cells?
A. A and B
B. C and D
C. E and F
D. A and E

68. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which structures in this cell are also found in prokaryotic cells?
A. A and B
B. C and D
C. E and F
D. A and E

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which features of plant cells are missing from this cell?
F. cell wall and chloroplasts
G. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
H. rough ER and lysosomes
J. smooth ER and nucleus

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which features of plant cells are missing from this cell?
F. cell wall and chloroplasts
G. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
H. rough ER and lysosomes
J. smooth ER and nucleus

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the function of the structure labeled A?
A. making ATP
B. making carbohydrates
C. making proteins
D. moving proteins through the cell

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the function of the structure labeled A?
A. making ATP
B. making carbohydrates
C. making proteins
D. moving proteins through the cell

73. Metric Units of Length and Equivalents
Chapter 3
Metric Units of Length and Equivalents

74. Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscope
Chapter 3
Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscope

75. Compound Light Microscope
Chapter 3
Compound Light Microscope

76. Surface Area–to-Volume Ratio
Chapter 3
Surface Area–to-Volume Ratio

77. Chapter 3
Prokaryotic Cell

78. Chapter 3
Eukaryotic Cells

79. Chapter 3
The Cell Membrane

80. Chapter 3
The Cell Membrane

81. Processing of Proteins
Chapter 3
Processing of Proteins

82. Chapter 3
Plant Cell

83. Chapter 3
Organelles