1. Solutions Continued
Brownian Motion- The constant random motion of particles in colloids such as smoke.
Tyndall Effect-Scattering of light by colloid particles.

2. Electrolytes Pure water does NOT conduct electricity very well.
If a substance releases ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) in water, the water will then conduct electricity. Any substance which produces ions in water is called an electrolyte.

3. Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes ionize completely (100%) in water, allowing the solution to conduct electricity very well.
There are basically 3 classes of strong electrolytes:
1) soluble salts (AKA ionic compounds)
2) strong acids
3) strong bases

4. Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions?
The solutions conduct electricity!
They are called ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are strong electrolytes. They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.

5. When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they ionize:
Ionic compound  cation(s) + anion(s)
MgCl2 (s) 
NaOH (s) 
NH4OH (s) 
NaNO3 (s) 
HNO3 (l) 
C6H12O6 (s) 
K3PO4 (s) 
Na2SO4 (s) 
C12H22O11(s) 

6. NaCl
HCl
HC2H3O2
C3H7OH

7. Weak electrolytes
Weak electrolytes are substances which only a small percentage of particles form ions in water.
So, they conduct electricity poorly in water.

8. Nonelectrolytes:
Some molecules dissolve in water, because they are polar(uneven distribution of charge), just like water. They do not form ions because they are covalent(molecular) molecules, not cation/anion pairs.
Sugars (CxHyOz) are examples of nonelectrolyte , solids.
(molecular, covalent)
In Summary, there are two types of solutes:
1 ) Ionic(Electrolytes)
2) Covalent(Nonelectrolytes, Molecular)

9. How to prepare a solution
Demonstrate with CuSO4

10. Solutions part II
Unsaturated, Sat., Supersat. Solution on board

11. Quiz tomorrow!

12. Solubility of Ionic Compounds

13. Concentration of Solutions