1. Digestive system

2. The digestive system is responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so it can be taken into the bloodstream and used by body cells and tissues.
The Digestive system includes the alimentary canal and the accessory organs.

3. Alimentary Canal Long muscular tube
Begins at the mouth and includes the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and the anus.

4. Accessory Organs
include the salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

5. Mouth, buccal, or oral cavity
Receives food as it enters the body
Actions in the mouth
a. Food is tasted
b. Broken down physically by the teeth
c. Lubricated and partially digested by saliva
d. Swallowed

6. Teeth Special structures in the mouth
Break down food physically by chewing and grinding the food, a process called mastication.

7. Tongue Contains special receptors called taste
Muscular organ
Contains special receptors called taste
buds that allow person to taste sweet,
salt, sour, and bitter sensations.
Also aids with chewing and swallowing of food

8. Hard Palate Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
Separates the mouth from the nasal cavities

9. Soft Palate Located behind the hard palate
Separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
Uvula
*Cone-shaped muscular structure
*Hangs from the middle of the soft palate
* Prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing

10. Cleft lip and or palate

13. Salivary Glands Three pairs of glands Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
Produce a liquid called saliva

14. Saliva Lubricates the mouth during speech and chewing
Moistens food so it can be swallowed easily
Also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, formerly known as ptyalin.
Substance speeding up a chemical reaction
Begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates or starches into sugars that can be taken into the
body.

15. Pharynx or Throat After the food is chewed and mixed with
After the food is chewed and mixed with
saliva, it is called a bolus and it enters the
pharynx or throat.
Tube that carries both air and food.
Carries the air to the trachea or windpipe.
Carries food to the esophagus.
* When bolus is swallowed, muscle action
causes the epiglottis to close over the larynx.
* Prevents bolus from entering respiratory tract.
* In this way, the bolus enters the esophagus.

16. Esophagus Muscular tube dorsal to the trachea
Receives bolus from the pharynx and carries
it to the stomach
Relies on a rhythmic, wavelike involuntary
movement of its muscles, called peristalsis,
to move the food in a forward direction

17. Stomach Enlarged part of the alimentary canal.
Receives the food from the esophagus.
Mucous membrane lining contains folds called rugae, which disappear as the stomach fills with food and expands.

18. The Stomach has two Sphincters
Cardiac Sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter

19. Cardiac Sphincter Circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach
Closes after food enters the stomach
Prevents food from going back up into the esophagus

20. Pyloric Sphincter
Circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine.
Keeps food in the stomach until it is ready to enter the small intestine.

21. How long does food stay in the stomach???
Food usually remains in the stomach for about one to four hours.

22. Gastric Juices Produced by glands in the stomach
Convert food into a semifluid material called chyme
Juices contain hydrochloric acid
* Kills bacteria
* Facilitates the absorption of iron
* Activates the enzyme pepsin
Juices also contain enzymes
* Lipase, which begins the chemical breakdown of fats
* Pepsin, which starts protein digestion
* In an infant, enzyme rennin is secreted
Aids in the digestion of milk
Not present in an adult

23. Small Intestine Coiled section of the alimentary canal about
20 feet long and 1 inch in diameter
Receives food, in form of chyme, from stomach
Three sections
* Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum

24. Duodenum
First 9 to 10 inches
Bile from the gallbladder and liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas enter this section through ducts or tubes.

25. Jejunum About 8 feet long
Forms the middle section of the small intestine

26. Ileum Final 12 feet. Connects with the large intestine at the cecum.
Circular muscle called the ileocecal
valve separates the ileum and cecum
and prevents food from returning to
the ileum.

27. Functions of Small Intestine
Completes the process of digestion
Absorbs the products of digestion into the bloodstream for use by body cells.

28. Intestional Juices Produced by the small intestine
Contain the enzymes maltase, sucrase,
and lactase, which break down sugars
into simpler forms.
Contain enzymes known as peptidases,
which complete the digestion of proteins
Contain the enzyme steapsin, which aids
in the digestion of fat.

29. Bile Liquid that enters small intestine from liver and gallbladder
Emulsifies or physically breaks down fats

30. Pancreatic Juice Liquid that enters small intestine from Pancreas
Contains enzymes that complete the process of digestion.
* Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin, which acts on sugars
* Trypsin and chymotrypsin, which act on proteins
*Lipase or steapsin, which acts on fats

31. Villi Fingerlike projections that line wall of small intestine
Allow food to be absorbed or taken into bloodstream
Contain blood capillaries and lacteals
Blood capillaries absorb the digested nutrients and carry them to the liver where they are stored or released into general circulation for use by body cells
Lacteals pick up most of the digested fats
and carry them to the thoracic duct in the lymphatic system, which releases them into the circulatory system

32. When food has completed its passage through the small intestine only wastes,
indigestible materials, and excess water remain

33. Large Intestine Final section of the alimentary canal
About 5 feet long and about 2 inches in diameter
Functions:
* Absorption of water and any remaining nutrients
*Storage of indigestible materials before they are eliminated from the body
*Synthesis (formation) and absorption of
some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K
by bacteria present in intestine
* Transportation of the waste products out of the alimentary canal

34. Three sections of Large Intestine
Cecum
Colon
Rectum

35. Cecum Connects with the ileum of the small Intestine
First section
Connects with the ileum of the small Intestine
Contains a small projection called the vermiform appendix

36. Colon
Ascending colon continues up on the right side of the body from the cecum to the lower part of the liver
Transverse colon extends across the abdomen, below the liver and stomach, but above the small intestine
Descending colon extends down the left side of the body
Sigmoid colon :
* Connects with descending colon
*S-shaped section that joins with the rectum

37. Rectum
Final 6 to 8 inches
Storage area for the indigestibles or wastes
Has a narrow canal called the anal
canal, which opens at a hole called
the anus
Fecal material or stool, the final waste
product of the digestive process, is
expelled through this opening

38. Liver Largest gland in the body
Accessory organ for the digestive tract.
Located under the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen.

39. Liver Functions Secretes bile Stores sugar in the form ofglycogen
(1) Glycogen is converted to glucose
(2) Released into the bloodstream when
additional blood sugar is needed
c. Stores iron and certain vitamins

40. Secretes Bile
Used to emulsify or physically break up fats
Also makes fats water soluble, which is necessary for absorption

41. Stores sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is converted to glucose
Released into the bloodstream when additional blood sugar is needed

42. Other functions of the liver
Stores iron and certain vitamins
Produces heparin, a substance that pre-
vents clotting of the blood
Produces blood proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, which aid in clotting of the blood
Produces cholesterol
Detoxifies (renders less harmful) substances such as alcohol and pesticides, and destroys bacteria that have been taken into the blood from the intestine.

43. Gallbladder Small muscular sac
Located under the liver and attached to it by
connective tissue
Stores and concentrates bile, which it receives from the liver
When the bile is needed in the digestive tract
to emulsify fats, it contracts and pushes the
bile through the common bile duct into the
Duodenum.

44. Pancreas Fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach
Produces pancreatic juices
*Juices enter duodenum through pancreatic duct
*Contain enzymes to digest food
Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin to break down sugars
Trypsin and chymotrypsin to break down proteins
Lipase or steapsin to act on fats
Produces insulin
* Secreted into the bloodstream
* Regulates the metabolism or burning of carbohydrates to convert glucose (blood sugar) to energy.

45. Pathway of food in the Digestive System
Food goes into the mouth where it is chewed by the teeth (mastication)and turns into bolus. Food starts breaking down in the mouth by saliva. Swallowed.
Pharynx or throat
Esophagus
Cardiac Sphincter (between esophagus and stomach)
Stomach (gastric enzymes breakdown food into chyme )
Pyloric Sphincter
Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large Intestine (cecum , colon, rectum)
Out of the body !!!

46. Diseases and Abnormal
Conditions

47. Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and infection
Symptoms:
Generalized abdominal pain that later localizes at the lower right
Quadrant
Nausea and vomiting
Mild fever
Elevated white blood cell count
If appendix ruptures, infectious material spills out into peritoneal cavity and causes peritonitis, a serious condition.
Treatment: appendectomy

48. In the bottom right is a 'normal' appendicitis, with slight inflammation and a bit of growth on the outside. At the top (chopped into several pieces) is James’ appendix. It was 75mm long and up to 18mm in diameter (to accommodate the 15mm faecalith). The black areas are necrotic/gangrene (dead) tissue and the white is mostly pus (with some fat). 

50. Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis: gallstones form from crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments
Symptoms:
frequently occur after eating fatty foods
Indigestion, nausea and vomiting
Pain under the rib that radiates to the right shoulder
If gallstone blocks bile ducts, gallbladder can rupture and cause peritonitis
Treatment :
Low fat diets
Lithotripsy: shock waves to shatter gallstones
Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of gallbladder

51. Cirrhosis
Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue.
Causes: malnutrition associated with alcoholism, hepatitis, bile duct disease,and chemical toxins.
Symptoms vary and become more severe as disease progresses
(1) Enlargement of the liver
(2) Anemia and nosebleeds
(3) Indigestion, nausea, and vomiting
(4) Jaundice or yellow discoloration
(5) Ascites or an accumulation of fluid in abdominal peritoneal cavity
(6) When liver function fails, disorientation, hallucinations, hepatic coma,and death occur
Treatment: directed toward preventing further damage to the liver
(1) Avoiding alcohol and preventing infections
(2) Proper nutrition and vitamin supplements
(3) Rest and appropriate exercise are encouraged

52. Liver

53. Cirrhosis of the liver

54. Constipation
Condition that occurs when fecal material remains in the colon too long, causing excessive reabsorption of water.
Feces or stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to eliminate
Causes: poor bowel habits, chronic use of laxatives, causing a "lazy" bowel, diets low in fiber, and certain digestive diseases.
Treatmen t:
Usually corrected by a diet high in fiber, adequate fluids, and exercise
(1) At times, laxatives used to stimulate defecation
(2) Frequent use of laxatives may be habit forming and lead to chronic constipation

55. Diarrhea Condition characterized by frequent watery stools
Causes: infections, stress, diet, an irritated colon, and toxic substances
*** Extremely dangerous in infants and small
children due to the excessive loss of fluids
Treatment:
(1) Eliminate the cause
(2) Provide adequate fluid intake
(3) Modify the diet

56. Diverticulitis
Inflammation of diverticula, pouches or sacs that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle
When fecal material and bacteria become trapped in diverticula, inflammation occurs
Can cause an abscess or rupture leading to peritonitis
Symptoms vary depending on the amount of inflammation
(1) Abdominal pain
(2) Irregular bowel movements and flatus (gas)
(3) Constipation or diarrhea
(4) Abdominal distention (swelling)
(5) Low-grade fever
(6) Nausea and vomiting
Treatment
(1) Antibiotics, stool softening and pain medications
(2) Surgery to remove the affected section of colon

58. Diverticulitis

59. Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestinal tract
Causes: food poisoning, infections, and toxins
Symptoms: abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, and diarrhea
Treatment
1) Usually rest and increased fluid intake
2) In severe cases, antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and medications to slow peristalsis may be used

60. Hemorrhoids Painful, dilated or varicose veins of rectum and/or anus
Causes
(1) Straining to defecate or constipation
(2) Pressure during pregnancy
(3) Insufficient fluid intake
(4) Abuse of laxatives
(5) Prolonged sitting or standing
Symptoms: pain, itching, and bleeding
Treatment
(1) High fiber diet and increased fluid intake
(2) Stool softeners
(3) Sitz baths or warm moist compresses
(4) Hemorrhoidectomy in severe cases

61. Hemorrhoids

62. Hepatitis Viral inflammation of the liver
Type A (HAV) or infectious hepatitis . Highly contagious.
Transmitted in food or water that has been contaminated by the feces of an infected person
Vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A
Type B (HBV) or serum hepatitis
Transmitted by blood and serum
More serious than type A and can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver
H epatitis B vaccine recommended for all health workers
Other strains of hepatitis include Types C, D, and E
Symptoms: fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, a dark color to urine, claycolored stool, enlarged liver, and jaundice
c. Treatment
(1) Rest
(2) Diet high in protein and calories and low in fat
(3) Liver transplant may be necessary if liver is severely damaged

63. Hernia or rupture
Occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in a body wall
Hiatal hernia
(1) Stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity through the opening for the esophagus
(2) Symptoms: heartburn, distention of the stomach, chest pain, and difficulty in swallowing
(3) Treatment: bland diet, small, frequent meals, not lying down after eating, and surgical repair
Inguinal hernia
(1) Section of the small intestine protrudes through the inguinal rings of the lower abdominal wall
(2) If the hernia cannot be reduced, or pushed back in place, a herniorrhapy, or surgical repair, is done

64. Hernia

65. Diaphragm Hernia

66. Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas in which pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas
Pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed, and edematous
If damage extends to blood vessels in the pancreas, hemorrhage and shock occur
Causes
(1) Excessive alcohol consumption
(2) Blockage of pancreatic ducts by gallstones
(3) Many cases are idiopathic, or of unknown cause
Symptoms include severe abdominal pain t hat radiates to the back, nausea ,vomiting, diaphoresis (excessive perspiration), and jaundice if swelling blocks the common bile duct
Treatment depends on the cause
(1) Cholecystectomy if gallstones are the cause
(2) Analgesics for pain
(3) Nutritional support if the cause is alcoholism or idiopathic
Pancreatitis caused by alcoholism has a poor prognosis and often results in death

67. pancreatitis

69. Peritonitis Inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity
Usually occurs when a rupture in the intestine allows fecal contents to enter this cavity
Ruptured appendix or gallbladder are causes
Symptoms: abdominal pain and distention, fever, nausea, and vomiting
Treatment: antibiotics and surgical repair

70. Ulcer Open sore on the lining of the digestive tract
Peptic ulcers include gastric (stomach) ulcers and duodenal ulcers
Major cause is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)- Bacterium that burrows into stomach membranes
Allows stomach acids and digestive juices to create an ulcer
Symptoms: burning pain, indigestion, hematemesis (bloody vomitus), and melena (dark, tarry stool)
Treatment
1) Antacids and bland diet
2) Decreasing stress
( ) Avoiding irritants such as alcohol, fried food, tobacco, and caffeine
( ) If H. pylori bacteria present, treatment with antibiotics and a bismuth preparation, such as Pepto-Bismol, usually cures condition
( ) In severe cases, surgery to remove the affected area
( ) Antibiotics to kill bacteria that can cause ulcers

71. Stomach Ulcer

73. Ulcerative Colitis
Severe inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses
Thought to be caused by stress, allergic reactions to food, or an autoimmune reaction
Symptoms:
(1) Main one is diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucus
(2) Others are weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, anemia, and anorexia
(3) Periods of remission and exaccerbation are common
Treatment
(1) Directed toward controlling inflammation
(2) Reduce stress with mild sedation
(3) Maintain proper nutrition
(4) Avoid substances that aggravate the condition
(5) In some cases, surgical removal of affected colon
Creation of a colostomy- Artificial opening in colon to allow fecal material to be excreted through abdominal wall.

75. Digestive System Health Science Name_____________________________
1. Define Mastication-
2. List 2 functions of the tongue-
3. Three pairs of salivary glands, the __________________, ___________________, and the __________________- produce saliva that _____________________ in the mouth during speech and chewing and ________________________food so it can be swallowed easily. Saliva also contains an enzyme called ___________________, which begins the chemical breakdown of ___________________ or ____________________. After the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is called a _______________________.
4. What are the wavelike involuntary movement of muscles that cause s the food to move in a forward direction through the digestive tract?
5. List 4 things that happen in the stomach during digestion?
6.What do the following digestive juices or enzymes do to food while it is in the small intestine?
a. Maltase-
b. Sucrase-
c. Peptidases-
d. Bile-
e. Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin-
f. Trypsin-
g. Lipase or streapsin-
7. Fingerlike projections in the small intestine, called ______________, contain ___________________ and ___________________. The blood capillaries absorb most of the ___________________________, while the lacteals absorb most of the digested ___________________________.
8. List 3 functions of the large intestine.
9. Name 4 divisions of the colon.
10. Name 5 functions of the liver.
11. What is the function of the gallbladder?

76. 12. What is the glandular organ behind the stomach
12. What is the glandular organ behind the stomach ? What 2 secretions does it produce? 13. Taste receptors on the tongue allow a person to taste __________________-,____________________,_________________ and _________________ sensations. 14. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the __________________ when it is swallowed. 15. Describe the alimentary canal- 16. Describe what a bolus is. 17. _________________________________- is a storage area for indigestibles. 18. Where is the vermiform appendix located? 19. Define chyme- 20. Most of the digestion and absorption takes place in the ______________________________. 21. _______________ is the largest gland in the body. 22. How is Type A Hepatitis transmitted? 23. Describe what a hernia is. 24. What are the symptoms of an ulcer? 25. The __________________ prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing. 26. True or False Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas itself. 27. A ruptured appendix or gallbladder can lead to ____________________________. 28. Chronic , long term laxative use can lead to _______________________. 29. Vaccines are available to prevent Hepatitis ________ and _________. 30. Describe the hard palate-

77. 31. Describe the soft palate- 32
31. Describe the soft palate- 32. Folds in the mucous lining of the stomach are called_____________________. 33. __________________________ produce salivary amylase, which begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. 34. The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder is called _____________________________. 35. The function of bile is to _______________________________________________________________________________________________. 36. The organ behind the stomach that produces insulin and enzymes is the __________________________________________________________. 37. List the sections of the small intestine- 38. List the sections of the large intestine- 39. The enzyme in the stomach that begins the chemical breakdown of fats is known as _______________________________. 40. The circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that keeps food in the stomach is known as the_________________________. 41. List the functions of the large intestine- 42. __________________________________ is a chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. 43. List the causes of a peptic or duodenal ulcer- 44. Name the 5 functions of the liver- 45. Describe 3 things that happen while food is in the mouth- 46. __________________________ is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus. 47. ___________________________ is a condition characterized by frequent watery stools. 48. __________________________ is dilated or varicose veins in the rectal area.

78. 49. ______________________________ is an inflammatory disease of the colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses. 50. ________________________________ a condition where the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm by opening for esophagus. 51. ________________________________ is the inflammation of the mucus membranes of the stomach and intestines Imagine you’re a piece of food and your placed into the mouth. Please name the pathway through the organs you will take prior to defecation of stool.

79. The Digestive System –Medical Therapeutics Name_______________
1.. Describe the soft palate- 2. Folds in the mucous lining of the stomach are called_____________________. 3. __________________________ produce salivary amylase, which begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. 4. The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder is called _____________________________. 5. The function of bile is to _______________________________________________________________________________________________. 6. The organ behind the stomach that produces insulin and enzymes is the __________________________________________________________. 7. List the sections of the small intestine- 8. List the sections of the large intestine- 9. The enzyme in the stomach that begins the chemical breakdown of fats is known as _______________________________. 10. The circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that keeps food in the stomach is known as the_________________________. 11. List the functions of the large intestine- 12. __________________________________ is a chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. 13. List the causes of a peptic or duodenal ulcer- 14. Name the 5 functions of the liver- 15. Describe 3 things that happen while food is in the mouth- 16. __________________________ is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus. 17. ___________________________ is a condition characterized by frequent watery stools. 18. __________________________ is dilated or varicose veins in the rectal area.

80. 19. Define Mastication- 20. List 2 functions of the tongue- 21
19.Define Mastication- 20. List 2 functions of the tongue- 21.Three pairs of salivary glands, the __________________, ___________________, and the __________________- produce saliva that _____________________ in the mouth during speech and chewing and ________________________food so it can be swallowed easily. Saliva also contains an enzyme called ___________________, which begins the chemical breakdown of ___________________ or ____________________. After the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is called a _______________________. 22. What are the wavelike involuntary movement of muscles that cause s the food to move in a forward direction through the digestive tract? 23. List 4 things that happen in the stomach during digestion? 24.What do the following digestive juices or enzymes do to food while it is in the small intestine? a. Maltase- b. Sucrase- c. Peptidases- d. Bile- e. Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin- f. Trypsin- g. Lipase or streapsin- 25. Fingerlike projections in the small intestine, called ______________, contain ___________________ and ___________________. The blood capillaries absorb most of the ___________________________, while the lacteals absorb most of the digested ___________________________. 26. List 3 functions of the large intestine. 27. Name 4 divisions of the colon. 28. The liver stores sugar in the form of______________________________. 29. What is the function of the gallbladder?

81. What is the glandular organ behind the stomach ?
What 2 secretions does it produce?
Taste receptors on the tongue allow a person to taste __________________-,____________________,_________________ and _________________ sensations.
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the __________________ when it is swallowed.
Describe the alimentary canal-
Describe what a bolus is.
_________________________________- is a storage area for indigestibles.
Where is the vermiform appendix located?
Define chyme-
Most of the digestion and absorption takes place in the ______________________________.
_______________ is the largest gland in the body.
How is Type A Hepatitis transmitted?
Describe what a hernia is.
What are the symptoms of an ulcer?
The __________________ prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing.
True or False Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas itself.
A ruptured appendix or gallbladder can lead to ____________________________.
Chronic , long term laxative use can lead to _______________________.
Vaccines are available to prevent Hepatitis ________ and _________.
Describe the hard palate-

82. 50. ______________________________ is an inflammatory disease of the colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses. 51. ________________________________ a condition where the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm by opening for esophagus. 52. ________________________________ is the inflammation of the mucus membranes of the stomach and intestines Imagine you’re a piece of food and your placed into the mouth. Please name the pathway through the organs you will take prior to defecation of stool. 54._________________________________ is an inflammation of the diverticula, pouches (or sacs) that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle. This can result in an abscess or rupture leading to peritonitis. 55. An inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity , usually occurs when a rupture in the intestine allows the intestine contents to enter the peritoneal cavity is called____________________________________.

83. The Digestive System – Medical Diagnostics Name_____________________________________
What is the glandular organ behind the stomach ?
What 2 secretions does it produce?
Taste receptors on the tongue allow a person to taste __________________-,____________________,_________________ and _________________ sensations.
The epiglottis prevents food from entering the __________________ when it is swallowed.
Describe the alimentary canal-
Describe what a bolus is.
_________________________________- is a storage area for indigestibles.
Where is the vermiform appendix located?
Define chyme-
Most of the digestion and absorption takes place in the ______________________________.
_______________ is the largest gland in the body.
How is Type A Hepatitis transmitted?
Describe what a hernia is.
What are the symptoms of an ulcer?
The __________________ prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing.
True or False Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas itself.
A ruptured appendix or gallbladder can lead to ____________________________.
Chronic , long term laxative use can lead to _______________________.
Vaccines are available to prevent Hepatitis ________ and _________.
Describe the hard palate-

84. ______________________________ is an inflammatory disease of the colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses.
________________________________ a condition where the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm by opening for esophagus.
________________________________ is the inflammation of the mucus membranes of the stomach and intestines .
Imagine you’re a piece of food and your placed into the mouth. Please name the pathway through the organs you will take prior to defecation of stool.
_________________________________ is an inflammation of the diverticula, pouches (or sacs) that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscle. This can result in an abscess or rupture leading to peritonitis.
An inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity , usually occurs when a rupture in the intestine allows the intestine contents to enter the peritoneal cavity is called____________________________________.

85. Describe the soft palate-
Folds in the mucous lining of the stomach are called_____________________.
__________________________ produce salivary amylase, which begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates.
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder is called _____________________________.
The function of bile is to _______________________________________________________________________________________________.
The organ behind the stomach that produces insulin and enzymes is the __________________________________________________________.
List the sections of the small intestine-
List the sections of the large intestine-
The enzyme in the stomach that begins the chemical breakdown of fats is known as _______________________________.
The circular muscle between the stomach and the small intestine that keeps food in the stomach is known as the_________________________.
List the functions of the large intestine-
__________________________________ is a chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue.
List the causes of a peptic or duodenal ulcer-
Name the 5 functions of the liver-
Describe 3 things that happen while food is in the mouth-
__________________________ is an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a virus.
___________________________ is a condition characterized by frequent watery stools.
__________________________ is dilated or varicose veins in the rectal area.

86. Define Mastication-
List 2 functions of the tongue-
Three pairs of salivary glands, the __________________, ___________________, and the __________________- produce saliva that _____________________ in the mouth during speech and chewing and ________________________food so it can be swallowed easily. Saliva also contains an enzyme called ___________________, which begins the chemical breakdown of ___________________ or ____________________. After the food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is called a _______________________.
What are the wavelike involuntary movement of muscles that cause s the food to move in a forward direction through the digestive tract?
List 4 things that happen in the stomach during digestion?
What do the following digestive juices or enzymes do to food while it is in the small intestine?
a. Maltase-
b. Sucrase-
c. Peptidases-
d. Bile-
e. Pancreatic amylase or amylopsin-
f. Trypsin-
g. Lipase or streapsin-
Fingerlike projections in the small intestine, called ______________, contain ___________________ and ___________________. The blood capillaries absorb most of the ___________________________, while the lacteals absorb most of the digested ___________________________.
List 3 functions of the large intestine.
Name 4 divisions of the colon.
The liver stores sugar in the form of______________________________.
What is the function of the gallbladder?

87. Collecting a stool specimen and Preparing /Testing Name_______________________________ a Hemoccult Slide
Diversified Health Occupations Book pg
Always wear _____________ when collecting a stool specimen and observe standard precautions.
Collect specimen from patient in a ______________________. Use two ____________________________to remove stool for testing and place in specimen container.
3. How do you label stool specimen that is being sent to lab?
4. Place stool specimen in a __________________ bag for transport to lab. The specimen should be kept _________________ and should be tested within ________________minutes for the most accurate results.
5. Report /record all information in the patients _________________including date, time , stool specimen collected and sent to the lab, and your signature and title.
6. When collecting a Hemoccult slide why is it important to collect different parts of the stool for testing?
7. Smear a small amount of stool on the ______________ paper and close the flap cover.
8. What information is required to be written on the specimen before it’s sent to the lab?
9. Turn over the slide , open the back flap and place ___________to ____________drops of Hemoccult developer on the exposed guaiac paper.
10. How long does it take for the results?
11. Check areas for color change. A positive result causes a __________________or ______________________ discoloration of the smear.
12. A positive test indicates the presence of ______________________________ in the stool.