1. TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS (Lesson 24)

2. How successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?
ENQUIRY QUESTION 3:
How successful is the management of tectonic hazards and disasters?

3. Last lesson’s objectives:
To understand the Hazard management Cycle
To understand Park’s Model (Disaster Response Curve) and be able to relate it to hazard examples , comparing different levels of response based on levels of development

4. The Hazard Management Cycle

5. Park’s Response model

6. Park’s Response Model (Disaster response Curve)

8. WHITEBOARD WAKE UP QUESTIONS!
Name three warning signs prior to a volcanic eruption?
INCREASE IN MINOR EXTRUSIVE ACTIVITY, INCREASE IN VOLCANIC GASES, INCREASE IN FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF PREVIOUS ERUPTIONS, INCREASE IN SEISMIC ACTIVITY
Name three methods of prediction
REMOTE SENSING, SEISMICITY, GEOPHYSICAL, HYDROLOGY,GAS, GROUND DEORMATION

9. Specification content
1.9 Tectonic hazard impacts can be MANAGED by a variety of mitigation and adaptation strategies, which vary in their effectiveness.
a) Strategies to modify the event include land-use zoning, hazard-resistant design and engineering defences as well as diversion of lava flows.
b) Strategies to modify vulnerability and resilience include hi- tech monitoring, prediction, education, community preparedness and adaptation.
c) Strategies to modify loss include emergency, short and longer term aid and insurance and the actions of affected communities themselves.

10. ‘Managing The impacts of Tectonic Hazards’….

11. Today’s lesson objectives:
To understand the different strategies involved with regard to managing tectonic hazard events:
Strategies used to modify the actual tectonic event itself
Strategies used to modify vulnerability and resilience of communities involved
Strategies used to modify losses incurred by the tectonic event
To understand that the strategies involved will depend on a number of factors including a country’s level of development and amount of available resources

12. WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING
What do you think is meant by the following key terms?
HAZARD MITIGATION
and
HAZARD ADAPTATION?

13. MANAGING THE IMPACTS OF TECTONIC HAZARDS (p.71)
HAZARD MITIGATION: Strategies meant to avoid, delay or prevent hazard events ( e.g. land use zoning, diverting lava flows, GIS mapping and hazard resistant design and engineering)
Whereas….
HAZARD ADAPTATION: Strategies designed to reduce the impacts of hazard events ( e.g high- tech monitoring, crisis mapping, modelling hazard impacts, public education and community preparedness)

14. Some say that:
‘Preparation is key’…

15. WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING
What factors will influence the response to tectonic hazards and disasters?
( Clue think physical AND human…)
5 mins

16. The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake
Factors affecting responses to hazards ( find a ‘notes’ page such as on p.70)
The nature of the hazard itself – scale, impact, magnitude, frequency
The quality of emergency organisations in the immediate aftermath
The range/viability of recovery strategies
The ability to reconstruct after the event
The possibility/probability of a disaster-free period

17. Factors affecting responses to hazards cont..
The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake
Factors affecting responses to hazards cont..
Physical: accessibility
topography
climate
Human: population density
degree of preparedness, including quality of existing infrastructure
technology and education levels available
economic wealth
Government will, and competence (governance)
Culture?

18. WHITEBOARD PAIRED THINKING
Who are considered to be ‘ The Players’ ( i.e the people involved in making geographical decisions) within Management of Tectonic hazards and disasters?
2mins

19. Who are ‘The Players’? Individuals
Local groups of people – the local community
Local/regional government (eg rescue services)
National government (eg civil protection and defence )
International bodies:
voluntary - eg charities ( Oxfam etc)
non-voluntary – eg other governments
A U.S. soldier waits for order before distributing food aid.

20. Possible Tectonic Management Strategies
The aftermath of the Haiti earthquake
Possible Tectonic Management Strategies
Modify the event ( i.e. reducing the risk of damage)
– ability to control, avoid, resist
- involves engineering and technologies
2. Modify vulnerability/the risk – eg prediction, warning, preparedness, education
3. Modify the loss – eg aid; insurance cover
Let’s continue to examine some actual events, bearing in mind these elements…..

21. GOVERNMENT HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES p.71
1. Land use zoning (Modifying the risk)
This is a process by which local government
planners regulate how land in a community
may be used ( e.g.as residential, industrial or
recreational). In areas at risk from volcanic
eruptions and tsunamis, land use zoning is an
effective way to protect both people and
property. Land use planners and others use
Hazard maps like these to help make decisions
about the appropriate use of land in each zone
as well as for preparatory tasks such as creating
safe evacuation routes .
(Cont. booklet p.79….)

22. Case study: Soufriere Hills volcano eruptions, Montserrat, Caribbean 1995 and 1997

23. Land Use Zoning: e.g Montserrat, Caribbean
July 1995 the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted for the first time in 350 years.
One month later, 50% of the population had been evacuated to the north away from the danger zone.
Over time the eruptions became even more explosive and more people were evacuated.
In 1997 another explosion destroyed villages in the centre of the island. Of the island’s 40sq ml. only 15 sq ml were considered safe.

24. Fig. 3 shows the impact of the eruptions on the island
Fig. 3 shows the impact of the eruptions on the island. Those people who have stayed on are experiencing very harsh conditions. The south of the island was the most developed, with the main towns, communications and services. The north had few roads and settlements. Makeshift shelters are used with inadequate sanitation. The country now relies on aid from London.
After the eruption and evacuation, people called for the British government to pay compensation and to rebuild the island. Aid totalling £41 m has been offered with £10.5m to relocate refugees. In 1997, £2400 was offered to each adult over 18 wanting to leave the island. The Montserratians wanted £20000 per person.
Does it really make sense to rebuild after what the island has experienced?

25. 2. Diverting Lava Flows (‘Modifying the Event’- reducing the risk of damage )
Historically , different methods have been
attempted to divert lava flows away from
people and communities. These methods
have included building barriers and
digging channels to try to divert the flows
into safer directions.
While these methods have had some successes ( e.g Mount Etna, Sicily. Italy)in general they have been fairly ineffective…..