1. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Introduction to OSHA
This presentation is designed to assist trainers conducting OSHA 10-hour Construction Industry outreach training for workers. Since workers are the target audience, this presentation emphasizes hazard identification, avoidance, and control – not standards. No attempt has been made to treat the topic exhaustively. It is essential that trainers tailor their presentations to the needs and understanding of their audience.
This presentation is not a substitute for any of the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

2. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
What is OSHA?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Responsible for worker safety and health protection
OSHA Office of Training & Education

3. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Is there a need for OSHA?
Each year...
Nearly 6,000 workplace fatalities
50,000 deaths from workplace-related illnesses
5.7 million non-fatal workplace injuries
Injuries alone cost U.S. businesses over $125 billion
Source: OSHA Publication 2056, All About OSHA
Source - OSHA Publication 2056
OSHA Office of Training & Education

4. OSHA Office of Training & Education
Has OSHA Made a Difference?
11/07/96 5:24AM
YES!
Since 1970 OSHA has:
Helped cut the work-related fatality rate in half
Worked with employers and employees to reduce workplace injuries and illnesses by 40%
Virtually eliminated brown lung disease in the textile industry, and
Reduced trenching and excavation fatalities by 35%
OSHA Office of Training & Education

5. OSHA Office of Training & Education
What does OSHA do?
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Encourages employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards and implement new or improve existing safety and health programs
Develops and enforces mandatory job safety and health standards
Maintains a reporting and recordkeeping system to monitor job-related injuries and illnesses
Provides assistance, training and other support programs to help employers and workers
OSHA Office of Training & Education

6. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Who is covered by the OSH Act?
Most private sector employees
Coverage is provided directly by federal OSHA or through an OSHA-approved state program
Does not cover the self-employed or immediate members of farm families that do not employ outside workers
State plans are OSHA-approved job safety and health programs operated by individual states instead of by federal OSHA. State plans must provide standards and enforcement programs, as well as voluntary compliance activities, that are “at least as effective as” the federal OSHA program. States with approved plans cover most private sector employees as well as state and local government workers in the state.
Twenty-six states operate state plans. For more information on state plans, visit OSHA’s web site (
Also not covered by OSHA:
- Employees whose working conditions are regulated by other federal agencies. These include mine workers, certain truckers and rail workers, and atomic energy workers
- Public employees in state and local governments (except for states with approved plans) These include fire fighters, police, and other public servants.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

7. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
OSHA Standards
OSHA develops and enforces standards that employers must follow.
Where OSHA does not have standards, employers are responsible for following the OSH Act's General Duty Clause.
States with OSHA-approved programs must set standards at least as effective as federal standards.
General Duty Clause...
Each employer "shall furnish a place of employment which is free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees."
OSHA Office of Training & Education

8. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
What does OSHA Require?
Determine which standards apply to your workplace
Follow the OSHA standards and requirements
OSHA standards cover:
- General Industry
- Construction
- Maritime
- Some agricultural activities
OSHA Office of Training & Education

9. Recordkeeping and Reporting
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Recordkeeping and Reporting
Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain records of occupational injuries and illnesses
All employers must display the OSHA poster, and report to OSHA within 8 hours any accident that results in a fatality or in-patient hospitalization of 3 or more employees
Recordkeeping regulations are contained in 29 CFR Part 1904.
Some low-hazard employers (for example, retail trade, finance, insurance, real estate) are not required to keep records.
While the 1904 regulation exempts many employers from keeping records at all times, these employers are not exempted from all of the 1904 requirements.
Employers that are partially exempt from the recordkeeping requirements because of their size (10 or less employees) or industry must continue to comply with:
, Reporting fatalities and multiple hospitalization incident
, Annual OSHA injury and illness survey (if specifically requested to do so by OSHA)
, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Annual Survey (if specifically requested to do so by BLS)
OSHA Office of Training & Education

10. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Recordkeeping Forms
Maintained on a calendar year basis
Summary of records for the previous year must be posted from February through April
Must be maintained for 5 years at the establishment and be available for inspection by OSHA, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and BLS.
Logs must be updated to reflect any changes that occur.
Maintain and post the Log in your workplace.
Do not send any recordkeeping forms to OSHA or any other agency unless you are asked to do so. When conducting its annual survey, the BLS may send you a form in the mail, which must be completed and returned to them.
OSHA Recordkeeping Forms
OSHA 300 Log
OSHA 300A Summary
OSHA 301 Incident Report
OSHA Office of Training & Education

11. OSHA Office of Training & Education
What are workers’ responsibilities?
11/07/96 5:24AM
Read the OSHA poster
Follow the employer’s safety and health rules and wear or use all required gear and equipment
Follow safe work practices for your job, as directed by your employer
Report hazardous conditions to a supervisor or safety committee
Report hazardous conditions to OSHA, if employers do not fix them
Cooperate with OSHA inspectors
OSHA Worker's web page:
(see OSHA Workers' web page for more information)
OSHA Office of Training & Education

12. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
What are workers’ rights?
Identify and correct problems in their workplaces, working with their employers whenever possible
Complain to OSHA about workplace conditions threatening their health or safety in person, by telephone, by fax, by mail or electronically through OSHA’s web site
Section 11(c) of the OSH Act gives workers the right to seek safe and healthful conditions on the job without being disciplined or fired
(see OSHA Workers' web page for more information)
OSHA Office of Training & Education

13. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
OSHA Workers' Page
OSHA’s Workers’ web page:
Includes:
- How to file a complaint
- Rights and responsibilities
- OSHA resources
OSHA Office of Training & Education

14. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
What are employers’ rights & responsibilities?
Employers must provide a safe and healthful workplace free of recognized hazards and follow the OSHA standards
The OSH Act grants employers important rights, particularly during and after an OSHA inspection
Employers must provide training, medical examinations and recordkeeping
OSHA maintains confidentiality of employers’ trade secrets.
Both employers and employees may submit information or comments to OSHA on the issuance, modification, or revocation of OSHA standards and request a public hearing
For more information, consult OSHA publications
-- No. 2056, All About OSHA and
-- No. 3000, Employers Rights and Responsibilities Following An OSHA Inspection.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

15. Competent Person in Construction
11/07/96 5:24AM
A person who;
Knows the right standard,
Can identify hazards in the operation, and
Is designated by the employer, and has the authority to take appropriate actions.
"Competent Person" is found in many standards.
Some standards set specific requirements for the "competent person."
See:
The term "Competent Person" is used in many OSHA standards and documents. As a general rule, the term is not specifically defined. In a broad sense, an OSHA competent person is an individual who, by way of training and/or experience, is knowledgeable of applicable standards, is capable of identifying workplace hazards relating to the specific operation, is designated by the employer, and has authority to take appropriate actions (see ). Some standards add additional specific requirements which must be met by the competent person.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

16. Workplace Inspections
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Workplace Inspections
Establishments covered by the OSH Act are subject to inspection by OSHA compliance safety and health officers (CSHO's)
Most inspections are conducted without advance notice
Inspection Priorities:
- Imminent Danger (any condition where there is a reasonable certainty that a danger exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately, or before the danger can be eliminated through normal enforcement procedures)
- Fatalities and Catastrophes (resulting in hospitalization of 3 or more employees)
- Employee Complaints/Referrals
- Programmed High-Hazard Inspections
- Follow-ups to previous inspections
OSHA Office of Training & Education

17. What Types of Hazards are Addressed in Standards?
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What Types of Hazards are Addressed in Standards?
Electrical
Cranes
Falls
Excavation
Scaffolding
Machines
Stairways & Ladders
Chemical
OSHA Office of Training & Education

18. Employer may Qualify for "Focused Inspection"
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Employer may Qualify for "Focused Inspection"
Has to meet certain conditions
Inspector will "focus" on these four hazard areas:
Falls
Struck by
Caught in/between
Electrical
See:
Effective October 1, 1994, all construction inspections shall have opening conferences consistent with current agency procedures, and then shall proceed as follows:
During all inspections, CSHO's shall determine whether or not there is project coordination by the general contractor, prime contractor, or other such entity that includes:
an adequate safety and health program/plan that meets the guidelines set forth below, and
a designated competent person responsible for and capable of implementing the program/plan.
If the above general contractor, prime contractor, or other such entity meets both of these criteria, then a focused inspection shall be made. When either of these criteria is not met, then the inspection shall proceed in accordance with previously established procedures for comprehensive inspections as stated in CPL 2.103, September 26, 1994, Field Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM), chapter II section A.1.b.
The leading hazards are:
falls, (e.g., floors, platforms, roofs)
struck by, (e.g., falling objects, vehicles)
caught in/between (e.g., cave-ins, unguarded machinery, equipment)
electrical (e.g., overhead power lines, power tools and cords, outlets, temporary wiring)
OSHA Office of Training & Education

19. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Inspection Process
CSHO displays official credentials
Opening conference
Walk-around inspection
Closing conference
OSHA Office of Training & Education

20. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Conducting the Walkaround Inspection
CSHO and accompanying representatives (employer and employee) inspect the establishment for potentially hazardous working conditions
CSHO discusses possible corrective actions with the employer
CSHO may consult, at times privately, with employees
Selecting Employee Representatives
If Then . . .
employees are represented by a the union will designate the employee
recognized bargaining representative, representative to accompany the CSHO.
there is a site safety committee and the employee committee members or the
no recognized bargaining representative, employees at large will designate the employee representative.
there is neither a recognized bargaining the employees themselves may select their
representative nor a plant safety representative, or the CSHO will determine committee, if any other employees would suitably represent the interests of employees.
there is no authorized employee the CSHO must consult with a reasonable representative number of employees concerning S&H matters in the workplace. Such consultations may be held privately.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

21. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
What Happens After an OSHA Inspection?
OSHA may or may not issue citations
Citations inform employer and employees of the regulations and standards allegedly violated and of the proposed time for abatement
Employer must post a copy of each citation at or near place where violation occurred, for 3 days or until violation is corrected, whichever is longer
- After CSHO reports findings, the area director determines what citations, if any, will be issued, and what penalties, if any, will be proposed.
- Citations and notices of proposed penalties are sent to employers by certified mail.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

22. OSHA Office of Training & Education
Sources of Assistance
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OSHA web site (
Consultation assistance
Federal and State area offices
Speakers, publications, a/v aids, technical advice
Training and education
OSHA Training Institute (OTI) and the OTI Education Centers
OSHA Outreach Training Program
OSHA Office of State Programs
Voluntary Protection Programs
OSHA Office of State Programs
Approves and monitors State job safety and health programs as provided for by Section 18 of the OSH Act.
Voluntary Protection Programs
The Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) are designed to recognize and promote effective safety and health management. In the VPP, management, labor, and OSHA establish a cooperative relationship at a workplace that has implemented a strong program.
OSHA Office of Training & Education

23. OSHA Web Site (www.osha.gov)
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OSHA Web Site (
About OSHA (events, what’s new . . .)
Compliance Assistance (regulations, directives, consultation, eTools, training . . .)
Cooperative Programs (VPP, partnerships …)
News Room (publications, news releases . . .)
Safety / Health Topics (technical links to various topics)
Statistics (Inspection data, BLS survey link ...)
OSHA Office of Training & Education

24. Where to Get OSHA Standards
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Where to Get OSHA Standards
Federal Register in public libraries or at GPO web site
CD-ROM subscription through U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO)
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in public libraries and through GPO
OSHA web site - OSHA standards, interpretations, directives (
GPO Information:
Phone: (202)
Web site:
OSHA Office of Training & Education

25. OSHA Office of Training & Education
Consultation Assistance
11/07/96 5:24AM
Provided at no cost
Developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations
Delivered by state government agencies or universities employing professional safety and health consultants
No penalties are proposed or citations issued
Possible violations of OSHA standards are not reported to OSHA enforcement staff unless employer fails to eliminate or control any serious hazard or imminent danger
For further information:
OSHA Office of Training & Education

26. OSHA Emergency Hot-Line 1-800-321-OSHA
11/07/96 5:24AM
OSHA Emergency Hot-Line OSHA
Report workplace safety or health fatalities or the hospitalization of 3 or more employees
Report a workplace hazard
File a complaint about a workplace hazard
Request information on OSHA
Request an OSHA publication
Imminent danger is any condition where there is reasonable certainty a danger exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the danger can be eliminated through normal enforcement procedures. OSHA gives top priority to imminent danger situations.
When a call is made to the hot line number, it is important to give as much information as is known about the emergency, including:
Complete description of the hazard
Name and location of the establishment
Duration of the hazard (Is it still going on? When will it end?)
Type of operation
Contact phone number (company or personal)
See Fact Sheet No. OSHA 95-44
OSHA Office of Training & Education

27. OSHA Office of Training & Education
11/07/96 5:24AM
Summary
OSHA helps save lives and prevent injuries
OSHA balances a cooperative approach with traditional enforcement
OSHA standards are the enforceable requirements for worker safety and health
Inspections are OSHA’s way to ensure compliance
OSHA offers various means of assistance
OSHA Office of Training & Education