1. CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

2. Alloy
An alloy is a mixture that contains at least one metallic element in it.
Most of the metallic objects around us are made of alloys. This is because pure metals are soft and they rust easily.
Therefore,the properties of pure metals have to be altered by adding a little of other elements.
This process is called alloying.
Alloying can make metals stronger, harder and resistant to corrosion.Hence, alloys are more useful than pure metals.

4. Formation Of Alloys Changes The Properties Of Metals
The formation of alloys changes the properties of metals.
Alloys are harder, stronger and more resistant to corrosion. They have better appearance compared to their elemental metals.
Alloying changes the characteristics of elemental metals because it changes the arrangement of atoms in the metals.

5. In pure metals atoms are arranged neatly in rows.
The rows of atoms can slide over ine another easily. Thus, pure metals are soft. Their shape changes easily when pressure is exerted.

6. In an alloy,the adding of one or more other elements disrupts the neat arrangement of atoms in the metal.
This is because the added element has atoms of a different size.
Theatoms of the added element stop the rows from sliding over one another.
Thus, alloys are harder and stronger than pure metals.

7. The Importance of Alloys In Industry
Alloys are widely usedin industries due to their desirable properties.
Example:
Steel which is hard,strong and highly resistant to corrosion is widely used in the construction and automotive industries. Steel is used for constructing buildings and for making car bodies.

8. Superconductor Alloy
Superconductor alloy is a kind of material that has no resistance to the flow of electricity at a relatively low temperature.
This characteristic enables superconductors to conduct a high current without producing heat as compared to normal conductors. Hence, energy wastage can be avoided.

9. Uses
military
medical
computers
transportation

10. What is an alloy?
Explain with a labelled diagram how alloying changes the properties of pure metal.
Give three examples of alloys. State the composition of the alloy, its properties and uses.
Duralumin an alloy of aluminium is harder and stronger than aluminium. Explain this difference.

11. The Production and Uses Of Ammonia In Industry
Ammonia is a very useful compound.
It is widely used in the manufacturing and agricultural industries.
Therefore enormous quantities of ammonia are produced worldwide.

12. Ammonia Refrigerator -ammonia evaporate easily
-used as a cooling agent in refrigerator
Household Cleaners
-used in the detergents
Ammonia
Nitric Acid
-used in the making of nitric acid
Colouring
-used for dyeing paper and cloth

13. Production Of Ammonia In Industry
In order to meet the high demand of ammonia, ammonia is produced in large quantities in industry through the Haber Process.
Iron Catalyst
Nitrogen +
Hydrogen
Ammonia

14. Factors Affected the production Of Ammonia
Presence of catalyst (substance speed up the chemical reaction)
Temperature ( Celsius)
Pressure (250 atm)

15. The Production Of Urea
Urea is another type of fertiliser used in farming to increase the yield of agricultural produce.
Urea is a slow reacting fertiliser because it dissolves more slowly compared to ammonium salts.
Urea is also made up of ammonia. In industry, urea is produced through the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide.
This process is carried out at the temperature of 200 celsius and the pressure 200 atm.

16. Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide
Urea
Ammonia + Carbon Dioxide
200atm

17. State two uses of ammonia in our daily life.
Name the ammonium salts formed when ammonia solution is mixed with the following acids.
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid