1. How do the impacts on humans from tectonic activity vary?
Wednesday, 19 September 2018Wednesday, 19 September 2018
How do the impacts on humans from tectonic activity vary?
Learning objectives:
How does the frequency and pattern of hazard impact change over time?
What is the park model and how does is show long and short term impacts?
Key words:
Socio-economic status
Social impact
Parks model (response curve)

2. Homework 1/10 DUE 14/10
1. Research the Isle of Arran: (make a case study A3 sheet)
Why does the Isle exist?
What igneous features exist on the isle?
How did they get there?
Why can we now see all the features? – how has the Isle changed over time?
Find pictures, information, maps etc.
2. Exam question: Explain in what ways and why landform features of volcanic activity can affect both inland and coastal landscapes – use Arran as your example! (10 marks)
3. Examples: Find examples of the 3 types of faulting and folding caused by specific earthquakes. Give details of the earthquake and WHY it cause this landscape change. Find some pictures and be prepared to talk about it next lesson.

3. 20 minutes
Research task:
Find case studies where people haven’t moved from tectonically active areas and why.
Use the link below to start you off.
Prepare to feedback to the class on your findings.

4. Use two case studies you have already looked at.
30 minutes
Research task:
Use two case studies you have already looked at.
Find the social, environmental and economic impacts of the hazard on the PEOPLE.
Gather your information from newspaper articles, websites, diaries, blogs, pictures.
Use the table to help you structure your research. ALSO fill in your case study sheet.

5. Main task: Haiti vs Christchurch
TASK: You need to compare the two case studies above. Why does the impact vary? What evidence do you have for that? Is it a ‘class quake’? How does the level of development change the impact it has on the people? Is there anything about their specific location that would cause the impacts to vary (hint- disaster equation – do one for each location)? How does the RANGE of impacts vary between the countries (more or less? Which hazards specifically?) Use information from pictures/quotes/newspaper articles to make your points. REFERENCE where you got your information from so you can refer to it in the exam.

6. (South Asian) Earthquake (Wenchuan) Earthquake
Discussion: Examine the two earthquakes below and consider how factors such as economic development, building types, the geography of the area affected and the relief effort may have affected the impacts.
(South Asian) Earthquake
October 2005, Kashmir
(Wenchuan) Earthquake
May 2008, Sichuan, China
Details
Magnitude 7.6. Huge number of landslides accounting for 30%+ of deaths
Magnitude 8.0. Thrust fault at continent
continent convergence
Fault displacement
Largely horizontal
displacement of up to 10m
Up to 5m vertically and 4m horizontally at the surface
Focus depth
10 km
19 km
Aftershocks
900+ over magnitude 4.0
250+ aftershocks over magnitude 4.0
Deaths
80,000
70,000
People affected
8 million
3-4 million homeless
15-30 million
5 million homeless
Injuries
200,000+
380,000
Damage estimate
US$5 billion
US$150 billion
Buildings
Around 1 million damaged/ destroyed / severely damaged
Over 2 million damaged
200,000+ buildings destroyed

7. Developed versus developing world
It is often said that disaster impacts in the developed world are largely economic, whereas in the developing world they are human (death).
You should carefully consider if this generalisation is true. (see the table, right)
The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan and 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines are useful examples to consider
Death Toll 
Event 
Location 
Date
5,115
Mount Kelut eruption
Indonesia
1991
23,000
Nevado del Ruiz eruption
Colombia
1985
25,000
Spitak Earthquake
Armenia
1988
30,000
Bam earthquake
Iran
2003
35,000
Manjil Rudbar earthquake
1990
36,000
Krakatoa eruption tsunami
1883
66,000
Ancash earthquake
Peru
1970
69,197
Sichuan earthquake
China
2008
86,000
Kashmir earthquake
Pakistan
2005
100,000
Tsunami
Messina, Italy
1908
105,000
Great Kanto earthquake
Japan
1923
230,000
Indian Ocean tsunami
Indian Ocean
2004
245,000
Tangshan earthquake
1976

8. We are going to look at Haiti again
As we go through the simulation, you need to be considering the social, economic and environmental impacts.
After, you will add anything extra to your case study file.

10. Impacts over time
A simplified version of Park’s hazard response model (disaster curve) is shown below
Different hazard events have different impacts, shown by the speed of the drop in quality of life, the duration of the decline, and the speed and nature of recovery.
The differences in the 3 lines might be related to type of hazard, degree of preparedness, speed of the relief effort and the nature of recovery and rebuilding.

11. Immediately after the event, communities enter a disrupted period
Immediately after the event, communities enter a disrupted period. The priority here is to relieve the suffering of those who have DIRECTLY been impacted by the hazard. Including finding missing people, rescuing those trapped and providing emergency supplies.
This shows the beginning of the rehabilitation. To allow this to happen, there needs to be many temporary services set up eg. Healthcare, housing, food and water. Often there is assistance from outside the affected region, sometimes including humanitarian aid from abroad.
Before the event
Hazard happens. Is it quick? Slow?
This is the period of recovery. This can last weeks, months of even years. The community is reconstructed and life is able to return to normal.

12. What would cause the response to vary?
Discuss!
Vulnerability
The hazard severity
Level of development
Preparedness
Economic status
Aid and response
EQ1
EQ3
EQ4

13. Where would your case studies go?
What are the long term and short term impacts?

14. How do the trends in frequency and impact vary over time?
Impact = a marked effect or influence
Frequency = How often

19. Why has is gone down?

20. Why has this gone up?

21. LAST YEAR Exam question:
Explain why the economic losses caused by natural hazards have generally risen over time whereas the number of lives lost has fallen. (15 marks)
(Use examples to illustrate your point)
Use your essay guide to plan for this essay question.
Bring your essay plan with you next lesson - Friday

22. Homework 14/10 DUE 21/10 Plan and write a 15 mark essay:
To what extent does the development of a country change the impact from earthquakes. (15)
Use at least 4 examples to help you answer, as well as models and theories where appropriate.