1. Figure: 4.CO
Title:
Comb Shape in Chickens
Caption:
Inherited variation in comb shape of chickens, controlled by two pairs of genes.

2. Figure: 4.1b
Title:
Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragons
Caption:
Incomplete dominance shown in the flower color of snapdragons.

3. Figure: 4.2
Title:
Bombay Phenotype Pedigree
Caption:
A partial pedigree of a woman with the Bombay phenotype. Functionally, her ABO blood group behaves as type O. Genetically, she is type B.

4. Figure: 4.3
Title:
Inheritance Patterns in Mice
Caption:
Inheritance patterns in three crosses involving the wild-type agouti allele (A) and the mutant yellow allele (AY) in mice. Note that the mutant allele behaves as a homozygous lethal allele, and the genotype AYAY does not survive. (Left photo: Courtesy of Stanton K. Short [The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME]; Right photo: Tom Cerniglio/Oak Ridge National Laboratory)

5. Figure: 4.4
Title:
ABO Blood Type and Albinism
Caption:
Calculation of the mating probabilities involving the ABO blood type and albinism in humans, using the forked-line method.

6. Figure: 4.4a
Title:
ABO Blood Type and Albinism
Caption:
Calculation of the mating probabilities involving the ABO blood type and albinism in humans, using the forked-line method.

7. Figure: 4.4b
Title:
ABO Blood Type and Albinism
Caption:
Calculation of the mating probabilities involving the ABO blood type and albinism in humans, using the forked-line method.

8. Figure: 4.5
Title:
ABO Blood Type Cross
Caption:
The outcome of a mating between individuals who are heterozygous at two genes determining their ABO blood type. Final phenotypes are calculated by considering both genes separately and then combining the results using the forked-line method.

9. Figure: 4.5a
Title:
ABO Blood Type Cross
Caption:
The outcome of a mating between individuals who are heterozygous at two genes determining their ABO blood type. Final phenotypes are calculated by considering both genes separately and then combining the results using the forked-line method.

10. Figure: 4.5b
Title:
ABO Blood Type Cross
Caption:
The outcome of a mating between individuals who are heterozygous at two genes determining their ABO blood type. Final phenotypes are calculated by considering both genes separately and then combining the results using the forked-line method.

11. Figure: 4.6
Title:
Dihybrid Ratios
Caption:
Generation of the various modified dihybrid ratios from the nine unique genotypes produced in a cross between individuals who are heterozygous at two genes.

12. Figure: 4.7
Title:
Modified Dihybrid Phenotypic Ratios
Caption:
The basis of modified dihybrid F2 phenotypic ratios, resulting from crosses between doubly heterozygous F1 individuals. The four groupings of the F2 genotypes shown in Figure 4–6 and across the top of this figure are combined in various ways to produce these ratios.

13. Figure: 4.9
Title:
Complementation Analysis of Wingless Mutations of Drosophila
Caption:
Complementation analysis of alternative outcomes of two wingless mutations in Drosophila (musa and mcan). In case 1, the mutations are not alleles of the same gene, while in case 2, the mutations are alleles of the same gene.

14. Figure: 4.10
Title:
Morgan's Reciprocal Crosses
Caption:
The F1 and F2 results of T. H. Morgan’s reciprocal crosses involving the X-linked white mutation in Drosophila melanogaster. The actual F2 data are shown in parentheses. The photographs show white eyes and the brick-red wild-type eye color. (Photos: Carolina Biological Supply Co./Phototake NYC)

15. Figure: 4.11
Title:
X-linked Crosses
Caption:
The chromosomal explanation of the results of the X-linked crosses shown in Figure 4–10.

16. Figure: 4.12ab
Title:
Pedigree of X-linked Color Blindness
Caption:
(a) A human pedigree of the X-linked color blindness trait. (b) The most probable genotype of each individual in the pedigree.

17. Figure: 4.15
Title:
Variable Expressivity
Caption:
Variable expressivity, as shown in flies homozygous for the eyeless mutation in Drosophila. Gradations in phenotype range from wild type to partial reduction to eyeless. (Top and bottom photos: Tanya Wolff/University of California at Berkeley. Middle photo: Joel C. Eisenberg, Ph.D., Dept. of Biochemistry, St. Louis University Medical Center)

18. Figure: 4.16b
Title:
Siamese Cat
Caption:
A Siamese cat shows dark fur color on the snout, ears, and paws. The patches are due to the temperature-sensitive allele responsible for pigment production.

19. Figure: 4.17
Title:
Imprinting on the Mouse Igf2 Gene
Caption:
The effect of imprinting on the mouse Igf2 gene, which produces dwarf mice in the homozygous condition. Heterozygotes that receive an imprinted normal allele from their mother are dwarf.

20. Figure: 4.19
Title:
Yeast Colonies
Caption:
Photos comparing normal versus petite colonies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Photo: Dr. Ronald A. Butow)

21. Figure: 4.20
Title:
Skeletal Muscle Cells from Patients with MERRF
Caption:
Ragged-red fibers in skeletal muscle cells from patients with MERRF. (a) The muscle fiber has mild proliferation (see red rim and speckled cytoplasm). (b) Marked proliferation where mitochondria have replaced most cellular structures.

22. Figure: 4.21b
Title:
Inheritance of Coiling in the Snail Limnaea peregra
Caption:
Inheritance of coiling in the snail Limnaea peregra. Coiling is either dextral (right-handed) or sinistral (left-handed). A maternal effect is evident in generations II and III, where the genotype of the maternal parent, rather than the offspring’s own genotype, controls the phenotype of the offspring.

23. Figure: 4.UN2
Title:
Problems and Discussion
Caption:
Question 5: Three gene pairs located on separate autosomes determine flower color and shape as well as plant height. The first pair exhibits incomplete dominance, where color can be red, pink (the heterozygote), or white. The second pair leads to the dominant personate or recessive peloric flower shape, while the third gene pair produces either the dominant tall trait or the recessive dwarf trait. Homozygous plants that are red, personate, and tall are crossed with those that are white, peloric, and dwarf. Determine the F1 genotype(s) and phenotype(s). If the F1 plants are interbred, what proportion of the offspring will exhibit the same phenotype as the F1 plants?

24. Figure: 4.UN4
Title:
Problems and Discussion
Caption:
Question 23: Consider the following three pedigrees (all involve the same human trait): (a) Which sets of conditions, if any, can be excluded?
dominant and X-linked
dominant and autosomal
recessive and X-linked
recessive and autosomal
(b) For any set of conditions that you excluded, indicate the single individual in generation II (1–9) that was instrumental in your decision to exclude that condition. If none were excluded, answer “none apply.” (c) Given your conclusions in parts (a) and (b), indicate the genotype of individuals II-1, II-6, and II-9. If more than one possibility applies, list all possibilities. Use the symbols A and a for the genotypes.