1. The Interwar Years: Russia
By 1917, dissatisfaction over weak Russian performance in WW1 and food shortages  strikes & demonstrations
Romanov dynasty overthrown in 1917 in February/March revolution
Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, would ultimately take over Russia in October/November Revolution
Set up of communist government; reform of production (government-controlled)
Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918 (end of Russia’s involvement in WW1)

2. Communism under Lenin: Post-Revolution
Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Soviets were local workers’ councils in industrial cities. The most powerful soviet was located in St. Petersburg (a.k.a. Leningrad)
Russian Civil War ( ): revolution against government’s reforms; economy declined rapidly
1921: Lenin introduced New Economic Policy
eased government control of production and allowed some free enterprise to get the economy moving.
Allowed some privately-owned businesses, allowed farmers to sell surplus crops for profit on a small scale
Ended w/death of Lenin in 1924
Compromise with capitalism, allowed some small privately owned business. Peasants could keep some land and sell surplus crops

3. Joseph Stalin Lenin died suddenly in 1924.
Stalin outmaneuvered Leon Trotsky (another party leader) to gain leadership of the Communist Party.
Eventually undid Lenin’s plans for economic recovery with plans of his own—ultimately failed

4. Communism Under Stalin
Five-Year Plans:
Created to transform the USSR into a leading industrial power
Peasants forced onto collective farms, forced to reach specific production goals set by government (revolt: burn crops, kill livestock)
Results: heavy industry grew, low costs of living but millions of peasants starved to death
The Great Purge:
Failure of Five-Year Plans  doubt about Stalin
Stalin removed many government & military officials from posts, suspected dissenters executed or sent to labor camps (many of these people died)
Stalin made the USSR into a totalitarian state in which the government controlled all aspects of life.
The state heavily censored all media, books, etc. and sponsored art that was positive – called Socialist Realism.
All decisions made by, resources allocated by gov. Peasants forced onto collective farms.
He makes extensive use of secret police and propaganda to create fear.
This includes old Bolsheiks
Communist International- formed by Lenin to support revolutionary groups around world
Obviously, other nations don’t appreciate this. This began the U.S.’s distrust and fear of USSR that lasted to the 2oth century. But as USSR becomes more powerful, it gets more recognition and trade.
Frces artists to adopt “socialist realism”, style that portrays communism in a positive light

5. “Building a Communist Paradise”
Communist Propaganda
“Building a Communist Paradise”

6. Mural from the Communist era

7. Photos of the last Romanovs
Whole family (Tsar Nicholas II) executed in 1918 by Bolsheviks during Russian Civil War ( )

8. Lenin and his wife
Inside Lenin’s mausoleum in Moscow

9. Stalin

10. The Years Between the Wars

11. The Great Depression
Caused by a combination of factors:
Integrating millions of veterans back into society and the workforce in the 1920’s caused high unemployment.
2. Boom and bust economic cycles had been the pattern since the 19th century – a rapid expansion of credit and rising stock prices followed by a collapse of the market, reduction in investment, and rising unemployment.
3. Overproduction of consumer products.

12. Unequal distribution of income meant many
people could not afford the goods being produced.
Wartime reparations demands and rebuilding costs (due to WWI, Treaty of Versailles) were met with loans – mainly from the U.S. – to European countries. When the stock market crashed, they could not be met.
6. Stock market speculation boomed in the 1920’s, then the crash came in 1929.
7. Weak banking system in the U.S. led to bank failures, and then European countries defaulted on their debts to U.S. banks.

13. Global Effects of the Depression:
Unemployment soared (about 30% in U.S. and Europe in 1932)
Foreign investments dried up
Global trade dropped by 62%
Economies based on 1-2 export products were especially hard-hit.

14. Examples:
In Chile, the economy was dependent on copper mining. World copper values diminished by 80% during the Depression.
In Brazil, to protect the price of coffee, producers destroyed enough coffee to supply the world for a year.
In colonial Southeast Asia, which was a major producer of rubber, demand dropped because no one was buying cars in Europe or America.

15. The Depression also sparked a new wave of support for “democratic socialism” and more economic regulations in Western Europe and the U.S.
FDR’s “New Deal” instituted social security, a minimum wage, and social safety-net programs.
Many people also turned to groups advocating strong nationalistic policies and aggressive diplomacy – such as fascist Italy, Germany, Argentina, Spain, etc.
The Soviet Union experienced less disruption due to the Depression – because its command economy was not as affected by market fluctuations and decreased investment.

16. The Rise of Fascism in the 1930’s…(largely in response to economic depression)…
Mussolini Hitler
Francisco Franco (dictator in Spain beginning after the Spanish Civil War, ruled from )

17. Dictionary definition of fascism:
A one-party system of government in which each class has its distinct place, function, and representation in the government, but the individual is subordinate to the state and control is maintained by military force, secret police, rigid censorship, and government direction of industry and finance.
Emphasis on chauvinism (extreme nationalism) & xenophobia (fear of foreign people dislike of “outsiders”)
Embraced militarism—rigors & virtues of military life as ideal

18. Other things happening in the years between the wars:
Europe post WWI –
-social and cultural changes
-economic depression
-rise of fascist states (Mussolini, Hitler)
Revolution and nationalism in Mexico ( )
Africa and the Middle East –
-modernization in Turkey and Iran
-Arab and African nationalism
-Indian independence movement
Communist revolution, civil war, and Japanese invasion in China
Militarism and imperial growth in Japan
Mexican Revolution during and after World War I vs. dictatorship under Porfirio Diaz

19. Review: U.S. Policy In Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) – stated that European powers could not colonize Latin American nations.
In the Spanish-American War, the U.S. enforced this policy by expelling Spain from Cuba (and the Philippines.)
However, U.S. control in Latin America steadily increased.
The Platt Amendment gave the U.S. the right to build military bases in Cuba and intervene in Cuban affairs.
American investment in the region continued to grow.
The Roosevelt Corollary (1904) stated that the U.S. could use force in Latin America when necessary.
The U.S. military presence in Latin America increased.

20. Mexico
Poor social conditions, poor working conditions, political suppression, the desire for land reform, and opposition to the Díaz dictatorship led to the Mexican revolution.
The Mexican Revolution lasted from
Generally, the U.S. backed leadership that would protect U.S. business interests in the region.
In 1917, voters elected V. Carranza. The following reforms were part of the Mexican Constitution of 1917:
-large estates were broken up
-foreign ownership of businesses and resources was limited
-a minimum wage was set
-the right to strike was no longer illegal
-women gained some rights, though not suffrage
In 1916, the U.S. sent troops into Mexico to punish revolutionaries after Pancho Villa’s forces killed American citizens in New Mexico.
In the 1930’s, FDR withdrew troops from several areas of Latin America, as part of his new “Good Neighbor Policy” towards Latin America. (intervention costly, especially w/Great Depression)

21. General Porfirio Díaz
Venustiano Carranza

24. Pancho Villa led rebel forces in north

25. Emiliano Zapata was leader of the rebel forces in the south
Emiliano Zapata was leader of the rebel forces in the south. His followers were called Zapatistas.

26. Soldaderas

27. Americans view the "Battle of Ciudad Juarez" from El Paso, Texas in Americans gather to talk about and watch the revolution unfold.

28. A crowd of American's watch the "Battle of Tijuana" in 1911
A crowd of American's watch the "Battle of Tijuana" in Often Americans would bring their entire families down to the border to watch the destruction of the revolution.

29. Motorized U.S. Army units and the cavalry pursued Villa's forces
                                                                 
                                          
Motorized U.S. Army units and the cavalry pursued Villa's forces

30. Banana republic is a political science term for a politically unstable country whose economy is largely dependent on the export of a single limited-resource product, such as fruits or minerals.
typically has stratified social classes, including a large, impoverished working class and a ruling plutocracy that comprises the elites of business, politics, and the military.
This politico-economic oligarchy controls the primary sector productions and thereby exploits the country's economy.

32. Uncle Sam is drawn as the father figure to these tiny, insignificant, bothersome Central American countries. They're seen to be quarrelling amongst themselves and the Uncle Sam figure warns them not to let their squabbles interrupt his business. Even the title of this cartoon seems a threat.

33. Here is an image of imperial punishment being handed down from the U.S. Again the country in question is a very small, exaggeratedly dark image. He is being reprimanded like a disobedient child.

34. The Panama Canal
The U.S. wanted to build a waterway across Central America to allow ships quick access between the Atlantic and Pacific.
The Colombian government refused to sell the land for the canal to the U.S.
In 1903, a Panamanian revolt against Colombia began, with U.S. backing and support.
The Panama Canal opened in 1914.

35. The arrival of SS. Ancon with 1500 laborers from Barbados at the Cristobal Port in Colon, Panama.

36. 1914- The Panama Canal Opening

37. President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to improved relations with Latin American countries. The earlier "Big Stick" approach of Theodore Roosevelt had been tempered by Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover during the 1920s. Now FDR pledged to "dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor." At the Seventh Pan-American Conference of 1933 the countries of the Americas pledged that no nation would intervene in the affairs of another. The United States withdrew its Marines from Haiti, Cuba, and Nicaragua as part of this policy. However, once the Cold War begins following WWII, U.S. intervention and military presence in Latin America would once again increase.

38. Africa and the Middle East:
In the 20th century, opposition to colonial rule increased in Africa.
-Africans worked on European owned plantations and mines
-They were restricted from owning and farming land independently
-They had to pay taxes in European currency
-They were often segregated with laws regarding living and traveling rights.
Protests increased after WWI, although large, violent uprisings were rare.

39. South Africa was the most prominent case of discrimination and oppression of Africans.
-Black Africans and other peoples of color living in South Africa were identified and classified by skin tone.
-There were specific living quarters, laws, curfews, and political restrictions for blacks.
-Many leaders were jailed for long periods of time (such as Nelson Mandela)
-Apartheid in South Africa lasted until 1989, when Afrikaner president F.W. de Klerk began to make some reforms

40. Egypt: Turkey: Atatürk
Nationalism was increasing in Egypt during and after WWI; Britain granted independence to Egypt, but still indirectly controlled the policies and decisions of King Faud. (Recall the Khedive rulers after Muhammad Ali who came to rely on British military and financial aid.)
Many middle eastern Muslims turned to religious organizations and leaders for political direction; people were disillusioned with established, royal administrations and regimes because of cooperation with foreign powers.
Turkey:
Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal overthrew the last Ottoman Sultan after WWI. They also drove Allied occupation forces out of Turkey following the war.
Turkey was then declared a republic, and Kemal (Atatürk) became president ( )
Atatürk

41. Ataturk, The father
Of the Turks

42. Ataturk Memorial Hall in Ankara Turkey

43. Iran: Reza Khan (Shah Pahlavi) Atatürk’s reforms:
-created a secular law code to replace traditional Islamic law code
-adopted the western calendar and alphabet
-outlawed polygamy and the veiling of women
-opened public schools
-encouraged industrial expansion
-built roads and railroads
Harsh laws were often imposed to achieve these changes; modernization often angered conservative Islamic groups.
Iran:
Nationalism in Persia increased due to the ailing Qajar Dynasty’s acceptance of foreign influence.
Forces led by the army officer Reza Khan overthrew the last shah in 1925.
Reza Shah Pahlavi also instituted a series of reforms to modernize Iran:
-the western alphabet and western styles of dress were adopted
-secular schools were opened
-industry and economy expanded
These changes were also met with opposition from conservative Islamic leaders (who eventually take over Iran in 1979!)
Reza Khan
(Shah Pahlavi)

44. Pan-Arabism
After WWI, there was an increase in revolts and protests against western occupation and control of Arab lands – (remember the British occupied Jordan, Iraq, and Palestine and the French occupied Syria and Lebanon.)
Allied Powers, particularly Britain, promised to turn over former Ottoman territory to create a Palestinian state; they also promised to carve out a Jewish state as well, in order to appease Zionists and European Jews. (The Balfour Declaration).

45. Mahatma Gandhi

46. Mohandas Gandhi In 1888 studied law in London
In 1893 went to South Africa to work
Became involved in resistance to racial segregation of Indians as 2nd class
Returned to India in 1915 and led the nationalist movement against the British government.
Was a member of the INC
Gandhi embraced the philosophy of nonviolence (ahimsa) and passive resistance which he called satyagraha, or “soul force,” which is based on the power of collective conscience. Ghandi’s philosophy and tactics would influence both Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King Jr.
He believed Hindus and Muslims should work together to achieve self-rule, and stay united after independence rather than split into two (or three!) separate countries.
Ghandi was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist in 1948.

47. Photo from Mahatma Ghandi’s funeral

48. Crash Course WH: Non-Violence Movements in the 20th Century
What were some ideas/people that influenced Gandhi and shaped his non-violent philosophy?
2. What led to the Salt March of 1930? What happened? How is
this a good example of ahimsa and satyagraha?
In addition to Gandhi’s movement in India, what are three other
examples of non-violent nationalist movements in the 20th century?

49. war for control of China with the Chinese Communists led by Mao.
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) was the leader of the Guomindang. He began a fierce 22 year
war for control of China with the Chinese Communists led by Mao.

50. Timeline of 20th Century China- Up to WWII Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
1911 – End of the Qing Dynasty; short-lived republic under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen
1912 – Military General Yuan Shikai overthrows Sun Yixian and tries to set up a new dynasty; China becomes torn by battling landowners/warlords
1915 – Japan takes advantage of a weakened China; Yuan Shikai is forced to sign the Twenty-One Demands, making China a Japanese protectorate
1916 – Yuan Shikai dies
Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)

51. Finally, 5,000 years of dynastic rule in China came to an end in 1911
Finally, 5,000 years of dynastic rule in China came to an end in China tumbled into civil war as local warlords sought to control their territories, while nationalist leaders such as Sun Yixian sought to unify China. Civil war took hold of China after Sun’s death as Mao Zedong and his communist forces battled Sun's successor Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) for control of the country. In 1949, Mao established a communist government in mainland China while Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan and established a democratic government there.
Sun Yixian
(a.k.a. Sun Yat-sen)
founder of the
first Chinese
Republic

52. 1919 – As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, Japan gains control of former German territory in China; the May Fourth Movement begins
1921 – Sun Yixian rebuilds the Guomindang with the help of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)
1925 – Sun Yixian dies
1926 – First clash between the Guomindang and the Communists
1931 – Japan invades Manchuria
1934 – The Long March takes place, lasting about a year
1937 – Japan’s airforce bombs Chinese cities; a land invasion follows; the Nanjing massacre takes place.

53. Mao emerged as the leader of the
Chinese communist movement. He gained a large peasant support base.

54. Communist Party of China (CPC)
Founded in 1921, the CPC was formed in the hopes of transforming China into a strong communist nation by following the Russian Revolution as a model. It especially appealed to the peasant population by offering land and economic reforms. In the years following 1925, the CPC faced extreme opposition from the KMT under Chiang Kai-shek, who was determined to destroy the Communists. Led by Mao Zedong, many Communists escaped and retreated from the KMT in the Long March. After a temporary cease-fire to fight off Japanese invaders in WWII, the CPC and KMT continued to fight until the CPC emerged victorious.
Mao Zedong

55. The Long March
The epic journey
of 6,215 miles
by the Red Army

56. The Long March

57. Jiang and Mao unite in 1937 to fight the Japanese

58. Qing Dynasty
Democracy by Sun Yat-Sen
Sun Yat-Sen’s death
Many powerful generals fight for control of China.
Communist party is established with support from the Soviet Union.
Chiang takes over.
WWII
They fight, and Chiang retreats to Taiwan.
Mao takes over China.
President of Taiwan is Mah InJio.
Leader of China is now Hu JinTao.

59. Great Leap Forward
Issued in 1958, the Great Leap Forward was supposed to raise China to an industrial world power by increasing industry (steel) and agriculture. (Similar to Stalin’s Five-year Plan)
Chinese operated backyard blast furnaces for steel. Though enormous peasant effort to help produce steel , the steel was useless and crops died from neglect.
PRC also reorganized China’s farmland into People’s Communes. These communes were shared areas where thousands of people lived. Labor replaced family life. (This was collectivization, similar to the agriculture policies of the U.S.S.R. under Stalin.)
Mao ordered people to kill insects and pesky sparrows, causing insect population to increase.
The Great Leap had disastrous effects due to heavy taxes caused by overestimated crop production. Millions of peasants died and China suffered severe economic depression.

60. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Supported by Jiang Qing (Mao’s 4th wife), Lin Biao and other radicals in the party, Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
Goal:
Kindle revolutionary fervor, especially in the new generation
Gain power and stay in power
Destroy the Four Olds which were the old ideas, old customs, old culture, and old habits. (Chinese culture)
Exterminate (purge) enemies of Mao and his supporters
In 1996, Mao ordered mass mobilization of Chinese youth into Red Guard units. These Red Guards criticized (by writing da-zi-bao) and purged teachers, officials, and intellectuals. Caused violence everywhere around China, attacking anyone they thought had “bourgeoisie habits” or burning/ destroying anything that was “Four Olds.”
Red guards