1. Sensation and Perception
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Unit 4
Sensation and Perception
Chris Dunn
Spalding High School

2. Sensation
Sensation
a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Perception
a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

3. Sensation
Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complext processes

4. Sensation Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Top-Down Processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes
as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

5. Sensation- Basic Principles
Psychophysics
study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Light- brightness
Sound- volume
Pressure- weight
Taste- sweetness

6. Sensation- Thresholds
Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Difference Threshold
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
just noticeable difference (JND)

7. Sensation- Thresholds
Signal Detection Theory
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
detection depends partly on person’s
experience
expectations
motivation
level of fatigue

8. Sensation- Thresholds25 50 75
100
Low
Absolute
threshold
Medium
Intensity of stimulus
Percentage
of correct
detections
Subliminal
stimuli
Subliminal
When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

9. Sensation- Thresholds
Weber’s Law- to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
light intensity- 8%
weight- 2%
tone frequency- 0.3%
Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

10. Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina

11. Vision Transduction Wavelength
conversion of one form of energy to another
in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

12. Vision
Hue
dimension of color determined by wavelength of light
Intensity
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude
brightness
loudness

13. The spectrum of electromagnetic energy

14. Vision- Physical Properties of Waves
Short wavelength=high frequency
(bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)
Long wavelength=low frequency
(reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)
Great amplitude
(bright colors, loud sounds)
Small amplitude
(dull colors, soft sounds)

15. Vision Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the eye
Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

16. Vision

17. Vision
Accommodation- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
Retina- the light-sensitive inner serface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

18. Vision Acuity- the sharpness of vision
Nearsightedness- condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina
Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina

19. Vision
Normal Nearsighted Farsighted Vision Vision Vision

20. Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors
Rods
peripheral retina
detect black, white and gray
twilight or low light
Cones
near center of retina
fine detail and color vision
daylight or well-lit conditions

21. Retina’s Reaction to Light
Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

23. Vision- Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number
Location in
retina
Sensitivity in
dim light
Color sensitive?
Yes
Low
Center
6 million No
High
Periphery
120 million

24. Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex

25. Visual Information Processing
Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features
shape
angle
movement
Stimulus
Cell’s
responses

26. How the Brain Perceives

27. Illusory Contours

28. Visual Information Processing
Parallel Processing
simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously

30. Visual Information Processing
Trichromatic (three color) Theory
Young and Helmholtz
three different retinal color receptors
red
green
blue

31. Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design

32. Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision
“ON” “OFF”
red green
green red
blue yellow
yellow blue
black white
white black

33. Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect

34. Visual Information Processing
Color Constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

35. Audition Audition Frequency Pitch the sense of hearing
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Pitch
a tone’s highness or lowness
depends on frequency

36. The Intensity of Some Common Sounds

38. Audition- The Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Cochlea
chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
Inner Ear
innermost part of the ear, contining the cochlea, semicurcular canals, and vestibular sacs
Cochlea
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which

39. Audition Place Theory Frequency Theory
the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

40. How We Locate Sounds

41. Audition Conduction Hearing Loss Nerve Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

42. Audition
Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies 1
time 10
times
100
1000 32 64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low
Pitch
High
Amplitude required for
perception relative to
20-29 year-old group

43. Touch Skin Sensations pressure warmth cold pain
only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
warmth
cold
pain

44. Pain Gate-Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

45. Taste Taste Sensations Sensory Interaction sweet sour salty bitter
the principle that one sense may influence another
as when the smell of food influences its taste

46. Smell nerve Olfactory bulb Receptor cells in Nasal olfactory membrane
passage
Olfactory
bulb
nerve

47. Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women
Men
Age Group 4 3 2
Number
of correct
answers
Women and young adults
have best sense of smell

48. Body Position and Movement
Kinesthesis
the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
Vestibular Sense
the sense of body movement and position
including the sense of balance

49. Perception
Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

50. Change Blindness

51. Perceptual Illusions

52. Perceptual Illusions

53. Perceptual Illusions

54. Perceptual Illusions

55. Perceptual Illusions

56. Perceptual Illusions

57. Perceptual Illusions

58. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
Visual Capture
tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
Gestalt--an organized whole
tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

59. Perceptual Organization: Gestalt
Grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Grouping Principles
proximity--group nearby figures together
similarity--group figures that are similar
continuity--perceive continuous patterns
closure--fill in gaps
connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

60. Perceptual Organization: Illusory Contours

61. Perceptual Organization
Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

62. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles

63. Perceptual Organization: Closure
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

64. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

65. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
ability to see objects in three dimensions
allows us to judge distance
Binocular cues
retinal disparity
images from the two eyes differ
closer the object, the larger the disparity
convergence
neuromuscular cue
two eyes move inward for near objects

66. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Visual Cliff

67. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Monocular Cues
relative size
smaller image is more distant
interposition
closer object blocks distant object
relative clarity
hazy object seen as more distant
texture coarse --> close fine --> distant

68. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Relative Size

69. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Interposition

70. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Monocular Cues (cont.)
relative height
higher objects seen as more distant
relative motion
closer objects seem to move faster
linear perspective
parallel lines converge with distance
relative brightness
closer objects appear brighter

71. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Relative Height

72. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Perspective Techniques

73. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Light and Shadow

74. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Illusory Depth

75. Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change
color
shape
size

76. Perceptual Organization

77. Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception
Illusory Depth Explanation

78. Perceptual Organization: Muller-Lyer Illusion

79. Perceptual Organization: Size-Distance Relationship

80. Perceptual Organization-Brightness Contrast

81. Perceptual Organization: Grouping Principles
Impossible doghouse

82. Sensory Restriction: Blakemore & Cooper, 1970
Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

83. Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses
Perceptual Set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

84. Perceptual Set: Schemas
What you see in the center is influenced by perceptual set

85. Perceptual Set: Schemas
Flying Saucers or Clouds?

86. Perception and the Human Factor
Human Factors Psychology
explores how people and machines interact
explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

87. Perceptual Set: Human Factors
Actual
descent
path
Pilot’s perceived
descent path
Altitude looks
this much higher
Distance from runway (miles) 10 8 6 4 2
Altitude
(thousands
of feet)

88. Is There Extrasensory Perception?
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input
telepathy
clairvoyance
precognition
Parapsychology
the study of paranormal phenomena
ESP
psychokinesis