1. Philosophy of Sport Dialogue Education Update 4 Next Slide: Kahoot
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2. Next Slide: Contents
Kahoot- Ethics

3. Contents Page 4 -Video Presentation– A Monty Python sketch.
Pages 5 to 6 Is the Olympics representative?
Pages 7 to 8 What is the Philosophy of Sport?
Pages 8 to 10- Philosophical questions in Sport
Pages 11 to 19 – Ethics
Pages 20 – 27 Deontological and Teleological approaches to ethics issues in sport.
Pages 28 Virtue Ethics
Pages Other issues
Page 31- Video discussion - Enough Rope-Drugs in Sport
Page Bibliography
Next Slide: You Tube Video focusing on Philosophy in Sport (humorous)

4. You Tube Video focusing on Philosophy in Sport (humorous)
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5. 2008 Indian Olympic team (India Population 1,200,000,000)
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2008 US Olympic team (US Population 256,000,000)

6. 2008 Australian Olympic team (Australia Population 23,000,000)
Next Slide: The philosophy of sport is a discipline which deals
2008 Australian Olympic team (Australia Population 23,000,000)

7. What is the Philosophy of Sport?
The philosophy of sport is a discipline which deals with the analysis of key ideas and issues of sports and related practices.
The philosophy of sport is a discipline which deals with the analysis of key ideas and issues of sports and related practices. It is concerned with articulating the nature and purpose of sport. The philosophy of sport not only uses insights from the various fields of philosophy, but also generates substantial and extensive views of sport itself.
The philosophy of sport is not fixed: its methods require an inherently self-critical conception; one that challenges its own preconceptions and guiding principles continuously both as to the nature and purposes of philosophy and of sport.
Next Slide: The philosophy of sport then, is characterised by investigations

8. What is the Philosophy of Sport?
The philosophy of sport then, is characterised by investigations into the nature of sport and related concepts, areas and professions.
The philosophy of sport then, is characterised by investigations into the nature of sport and related concepts, areas and professions. It draws upon and develops many of the diverse branches of the parent discipline, philosophy, and reflects a broad range of theoretical positions and styles. It has interrogated issues in the following sub-fields of philosophy:
Next Slide: Aesthetics - Epistemology

9. Philosophy of Sport Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics
Aesthetics (e.g. Is sport a form of art? Are
sports events works of art? Can we objectively evaluate sports actions aesthetically?)
Epistemology (e.g. Can kinaesthetic awareness properly be called knowledge? What precisely do we know when we are able to perform skills? Must a coach have performance knowledge at elite level to coach effectively at that level?)
Ethics (e.g. Does sport necessarily develop good character? What do we agree to when we agree to play a game? Is there such a thing as the ethos of sports?)
Next Slide: Logic- Metaphysics - Philosophy of Education

10. Philosophy of Sport Logic Metaphysics Philosophy of Education
Philosophy of law
Philosophy of mind
Logic (e.g. Are sports separate from other spheres of logic by their nature? Are the concepts of sport and game logically discrete?)
Metaphysics (e.g. Are humans naturally game playing animals?)
philosophy of education (e.g. Can we morally educate through sport? Is paternalism in sports coaching and teaching inevitable? What do we mean by the concept "sport skill"?)
Philosophy of law (e.g. Can children give consent to engage in elite sports training? Do rules underdetermine conduct?)
Philosophy of mind (e.g. Is mental training just a form of imagination? Are sportspersons simply to be thought of as machines?)
Next Slide: Philosophy of rules - Philosophy of science

11. Philosophy of Sport Philosophy of rules Philosophy of science
Social and political philosophy
Philosophy of rules (e.g. Are regulative sports rules
just a species of constitutive ones?)
Philosophy of science (e.g. Is there such a thing as a singular method for all sciences? What does a sports scientist mean when they say a given statistical procedure has explanatory power? Why do sports psychologists ignore the (post) Freudian tradition?)
Social and political philosophy (e.g. Did a pure conception of sport ever exist in a given social and political time and order? Are sports competition necessarily capitalistic in nature? Do sports institutions always corrupt pure play?)
Next Slide: Among the different sub-disciplines of philosophy that are worked by philosophers of sport

12. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Among the different sub-disciplines of philosophy that are worked by philosophers of sport, in the last decade there is little doubt that the sub-field “ethics of sport” has seen the most growth and activity.
Among the different sub-disciplines of philosophy that are worked by philosophers of sport, in the last decade there is little doubt that the sub-field “ethics of sport” has seen the most growth and activity. Typically, some confusion surrounds the precise nature and scope of the concept “sports ethics” itself. While it is both difficult and undesirable to police language and to prescribe usage that dissipates conceptual confusion effectively, it may be helpful to observe some important distinctions before describing the work of philosophers in the area of “ethics of sport”.
Next Slide: Many mainstream philosophers have come to question the concept “morality....

13. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
Many mainstream philosophers have come to question the concept “morality” as a peculiarly western convention whose ambitions to universalise guides to right conduct were overly ambitious in scope.
In the first instance, the words “ethics” and “morality” are used interchangeably in everyday language. Many mainstream philosophers have come to question the concept “morality” as a peculiarly western convention whose ambitions to universalise guides to right conduct were overly ambitious in scope.
Next Slide: Along with the project of modernity, philosophers were looking to universalise ethics ...

14. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Along with the project of modernity, philosophers were looking to universalise ethics along the lines that scientists had so powerfully done in discovering natural laws and thereby “mastering” the world.
Along with the project of modernity, philosophers were looking to universalise ethics along the lines that scientists had so powerfully done in discovering natural laws and thereby “mastering” the world. A number of traditions of moral thinking emerged which shared certain features in their development of systems of thought that ought to guide the conduct of citizens of the globe wherever they existed.
Next Slide: In this modern philosophical vein, then “ethics” was used to refer ...

15. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
In this modern philosophical vein, then “ethics” was used to refer to the systematic study of morals; ie. universal codes or principles of right conduct.
In this modern philosophical vein, then “ethics” was used to refer to the systematic study of morals; ie. universal codes or principles of right conduct.
The distinction between rules, guidelines, mores or principles of living (“morality”) that exist in time and space and systematic reflection upon them (“ethics”) is still worth observing. The idea that morality refers to what all reasonable persons will conform, requires much more careful attention.
Next Slide: Philosophy and Ethics is interested in a range of concepts ....

16. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Philosophy and Ethics is interested in a range of concepts and practices such as admiration, cheating, deceiving, lying, promising, respecting, virtues and vices and so on.
Ultimately, the distinction cannot survive close scrutiny, but it can be useful in detecting what are at least prima facie differences in the aims of certain philosophical and social scientific scholars interested in a range of concepts and practices such as admiration, cheating, deceiving, lying, promising, respecting, virtues and vices and so on.
Next Slide: In the sports related literature....

17. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
In the sports related literature, most of what is called “ethics” is simply social science by another name.
In the sports related literature, most of what is called “ethics” is simply social science by another name. It is better, perhaps, to call it social scientific descriptions of ethically problematic practices, persons or policies. The older label “descriptive ethics” was designed to capture precisely such operations. Here researchers seek to describe that portion of the world that is ethically problematic by the received methods of social science; observation, ethnography, interview, questionnaire and the like.
Next Slide: The most common examples of “ethics” in sport that spring up in casual conversations...

18. Philosophy of Sport – Ethics
The most common examples of “ethics” in sport that spring up in casual conversations, as well as the academic literature, are matters of;
equity
deviant sub-cultures and practices
the prevalence of sport as a site of child abuse and exploitation, homophobia, and so forth.
The most common examples of “ethics” in sport that spring up in casual conversations, as well as the academic literature, are matters of equity (i.e. social justice in terms of unequal pay for male and female sports stars) and/or of access (for example, with respect to racism or disability), deviant sub-cultures and practices (for example, so-called football “hooliganism” and cheating, sexual-abuse/harrassment or doping), the prevalence of sport as a site of child abuse and exploitation, homophobia, and so forth.
Next Slide: There is another conception of “ethics” ...

19. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
There is another conception of “ethics” which as noted above is quite simply moral philosophy.
There is another conception of “ethics” which as noted above is quite simply moral philosophy. Under this conception of ethics, academics are engaged in the systematic conceptual enquiry of reflective questions regarding how we ought to live our lives. This entails the analysis of central concepts such as duty, right, harm, pain, pleasure and promise within (often ignored) theoretical perspectives such as Deontology, Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, and so forth. Each of these moral philosophical traditions aims to systematise thinking about the nature of ourselves in the contexts of good and right living and conduct. Nevertheless, their nature and scope differs widely. At some points they are coherent and comparable, at other times and pressed into particular questions they throw up radically divergent norms for conduct.
Next Slide: The distinction between descriptive ethics – which was supposed ...

20. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
The distinction between descriptive ethics – which was supposed to be an entirely value-free endeavour, and normative ethics – which was supposed to issue in authoritative guidance - is, unsurprisingly enough, a contentious one.
The distinction between descriptive ethics – which was supposed to be an entirely value-free endeavour, and normative ethics – which was supposed to issue in authoritative guidance - is, unsurprisingly enough, a contentious one.
It is conceived of differently according to how one understands the nature of “Ethics” itself. Questions such as whether there are moral facts; whether there is a clear distinction between facts and values; how the fact: value relationship is characterised; whether moral obligations override considerations of virtue and so on, are not answerable form outside a given theoretical perspective. But there are difficulties with a distinction that tries to distinguish one programme that sets out to describe the world form another that prescribes a programme for action. The two are intertwined in complex ways. Most philosophers working in mainstream ethics and in the ethics of sport have given up the idea of a neutral, descriptive, ethics (of sports) and pursue normative programmes for which they attempt to give reasonable support in terms of the clarity and coherence of their developed position. Still the distinction need not be sharp to be important.
Next Slide: In most writings in the ethics of sports, three families of theories ....

21. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
In most writings in the ethics of sports, three families of theories have been adopted; two modern and one ancient.
Deontology
Consequensialism
Virtue ethics
In most writings in the ethics of sports, three families of theories have been adopted; two modern and one ancient. Modern moral philosophy was dominated by the universalistic ethics of either consequentialism or deontology. Over the last twenty years or so (a relatively recent time slice in philosophical thought) there has been a revival of virtue-theoretical work in mainstream ethics and in the ethics of sports. Some introductory remarks and indications of indicative sources in the literature, must suffice here.
Next Slide: Deontology (from the Greek word “deon”: roughly, duty), is the classical ...

22. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Deontology (from the Greek word “deon”: roughly, duty), is the classical theory of the right action. Before we act, deontologists (the German philosopher Kant is the key figure here) we must consider those duties (usually in the form of principles or rights), which we owe others in our transactions with them.
Deontology (from the Greek word “deon”: roughly, duty), is the classical theory of the right action. Before we act, deontologists (the German philosopher Kant is the key figure here) we must consider those duties (usually in the form of principles or rights), which we owe others in our transactions with them. The system of principles is usually thought to have its foundation in a super-rule ) often called the Golden rule – enshrined in Christian thought among others) that one ought always to treat others with respect. To cheat, deceive, harm or, or lie to people is to disprespect them. Warren Fraleigh’s classic “Right Actions in Sport” is a beautiful statement of the deontological ethic in sport. It attempts to cash out a system of guides to right conduct for participants and coaches engaged in sports. In other cases (see Lumpkin, Beller and Stoll, 1999) philosophers have simply assumed a deontological framework and applied to it to good effect without necessarily interrogating the theoretical basis upon which their sports ethics is based.
Next Slide: Of course, philosophically troubling questions such as “what is meant by respect?...

23. Philosophy of Sport Ethics
Of course, philosophically troubling questions such as “what is meant by respect?”; “does respect always trump other moral values?”; “does respect entail not harming others even when they consent to it?” and so on still trouble deontological ethicists.
Of course, philosophically troubling questions such as “what is meant by respect?”; “does respect always trump other moral values?”; “does respect entail not harming others even when they consent to it?” and so on still trouble deontological ethicists. Fraleigh (1984), for example, argues that boxing is immoral since it involves the intentional harming of another – even though the consent to that harm. While deontology (whether as rights or duties) remains a commonsense ethic for many people, there are others who think it simply starts from the wrong place.
Next Slide: Consequentialism -In apparent contrast...

24. Philosophy of Sport- Ethics
Consequentialism -In apparent contrast, consequentialism is a telelological (from the Greek word “telos”: roughly nature/purpose) theory.
Consequentialism -In apparent contrast, consequentialism is a telelological (from the Greek word “telos”: roughly nature/purpose) theory. It is a family of theories of the good, which justify actions according to their yielding the most favourable and least unfavourable consequences. The dominant strand of thinking here is “utilitarian” which comes in a variety of shapes and sizes but is based upon the maximising of “utility” or good. In distinguishing good from bad we merely need to add up the potential consequences of different courses of action and act upon that which maximises good outcomes.
Next Slide: There are very few sustained efforts at utilitarian thinking in ...

25. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
There are very few sustained efforts at utilitarian thinking in sports but see Claudio Tamburrini’s (2000) defence of Maradonna’s infamous “Hand of God” incident in his book of that name.
There are very few sustained efforts at utilitarian thinking in sports but see Claudio Tamburrini’s (2000) defence of Maradonna’s infamous “Hand of God” incident in his book of that name. He also attempts to argue for controversial conclusions to say the doping issue (he is in favour of getting rid of bans) and gender equity (he is often in favour of non-sex segregated sports) from a utilitarian perspective.
Next Slide: Consequentialism and deontology, while taking opposing foundations ...

26. Philosophy of Sport-Ethics
Consequentialism and deontology, while taking opposing foundations for the justification of moral action (in sports as in life) share certain important conceptual features.
Consequentialism and deontology, while taking opposing foundations for the justification of moral action (in sports as in life) share certain important conceptual features. In the first instance they are universal in scope: moral rules apply in all places and times -its just that they have different moral principles (respect and utility). Equally important is the idea (often ignored in naïve discussion of utilitarianism as an ideology) that they enshrine impartiality.
Next Slide: In both theoretical traditions, no one person ...

27. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
In both theoretical traditions, no one person or group must be favoured over another.
In both theoretical traditions, no one person or group must be favoured over another. Everyone is equally deserving of respect (imagine a world in which football fans took this seriously!) just as everyone should be counted in the decisions as to which course of action (not just whether to commit a strategic foul in terms of good consequences for my team, but the opposition and the good of the game!).
Next Slide: Finally, they share the idea that the moral rules have force: once you understand ...

28. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Finally, they share the idea that the moral rules have force: once you understand them you must act in a manner that brings the conclusion to life in your actions, for to fail to do so would be irrational not just immoral.
Finally, they share the idea that the moral rules have force: once you understand them you must act in a manner that brings the conclusion to life in your actions, for to fail to do so would be irrational not just immoral. But it is difficult to imagine any theory of ethics (or religion for that matter) which did not make such a claim.
Next Slide: Virtue Ethics -In the recent past, there has been ...

29. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Virtue Ethics -In the recent past, there has been a revival of virtue theory in mainstream and applied ethics.
Virtue Ethics -In the recent past, there has been a revival of virtue theory in mainstream and applied ethics. This has usually taken the form of a resuscitation of Aristotle’s work. Here ethics is based upon good character and the good life will be lived by those who are in possession of a range of virtues such as courage, co-operativeness, sympathy, honesty, justice, reliability, and so on and the absence of vices such as cowardice, egoism, dishonesty, and so on.
Next Slide: Sports traditional function as role modeller for youth is ....

30. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
Sports traditional function as role modeller for youth is premised upon virtue theory. Russell Gough’s (1997) admirable book is a user-friendly application of virtue ethics in sports.
Sports traditional function as role modeller for youth is premised upon virtue theory. Russell Gough’s (1997) admirable book is a user-friendly application of virtue ethics in sports. This language has an immediate application in the contexts of sports in theory but in practice, spitefulness, violence, greed often characterise elite sports. Moreover, we often question the integrity of certain coaches or officials just as chastise players who deceive the officials.
Next Slide: This sketch of underlying ethical theory and....

31. Philosophy of Sport -Ethics
This sketch of underlying ethical theory and its application to sports is not merely suggestive, it is also a rather traditional one.
This sketch of underlying ethical theory and its application to sports is not merely suggestive, it is also a rather traditional one. Scholars have more recently been questioning an exciting array of issues; the use of genetic engineering in sports, the place of adventurous activities in a risk avoiding culture, the role of sports in sustaining and subverting communities, identities and sexualities; environmentalist ethics for sports in a global world; ethical audits of sports organisations and cultures; and much more.
Next Slide: Community of Inquiry A video interview with Professor Julian Savulescu

32. Community of Inquiry A video interview with Professor Julian Savulescu
Click on the image to the left and watch Andrew Denton’s Interview with Australian Professor Julian Savulescu who is the Chair of Practical Ethics at the Faculty of Philosophy in Oxford.
He favours the use of legalizing drug use in sport, thinks cloning is cool and says that if the technology were available then yes we should genetically modify our children.
Next Slide: Bibliography

33. Bibliography Key Texts in the Ethics of Sport
The literature concerning sport is extensive. Historically important and contemporary books in the field of ethics and sport notably include the following:
Boxill, J. (ed) (2000) Ethics and Sport, Oxford: Blackwell.
Fraleigh, W.P. (1984) Right Actions in Sport: Ethics for Contestants, Illinois, Human Kinetics.
Galasso, P.J. (Ed.) (1988) Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity Issues and Concepts, Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.
Gerber, E. W. and Morgan, W.J. (Eds.). (1979) Sport and the Body: A Philosophical Symposium (second edition) Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Gibson, J.H. (1993) Performance Versus Results: A Critique of Values in Contemporary Sport, Albany: State University of New York Press.
Gough, R. (1997) Character is everything: promoting ethical excellence in sports, Orlando: Harcourt Brace.
Grupe, O. and Dietmar, M. (1988) lexikon der ethik im sport, Verlag Karl Hofman, Schorndorf.
Hoberman, J. (1992) Mortal Engines: The Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport, New York: The Free Press.
Loland, S. (2002) Fair Play in Sport: A Moral Norm System, London: Routledge.
Lumpkin, A.; Stoll, S.K.; & Beller, J.M. (1999) Sport Ethics: Applications for Fair Play, (second edition) Boston: McGraw Hill.
McIntosh, P.C. (1978) Fair Play: Ethics in Sport and Education, London: Heinemann.
McNamee, M. J. and Parry, S. J. (Eds.) (1998) Ethics and Sport, London, Routledge.
Next Slide: Bibliography

34. Bibliography Annotated Guide to Internet Resources
The International Association of the Philosophy of Sport (IAPS) webiste includes all information regarding membership, the Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, and information regarding their conference is housed here.
The Sports Ethics Institute website provides a daily update of sports ethics insights derived from articles by sports commentators or journalists. It provides a really interesting suite of ethical problems that can be used in lectures and seminars but can sometimes be dominated by sports such as Baseball and American Football which have limited appeal beyond the USA. The University of Idaho Center for Ethics website offers study, intervention, outreach, consultation, and leadership in developing and advancing the theory, knowledge and understanding of character education including moral and ethical reasoning, development, and application.
Character Counts is an American based non-profit, non-partisan, non-sectarian coalition of schools, communities and non-profit organisations working to advance character education by teaching the Six Pillars of Character: trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship.
The Philosophers’ Magazine on the Internet.
Ethics on the Internet is a directory that provides a reference guide for persons concerned about moral problems.
EpistemeLinks.com includes thousands of sorted links to philosophy resources on the internet.
Morality, Ethics and Philosophy Research Resources
Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy: Journals.
Ethics Updates is intended first and foremost to be used by ethics lecturers and their students. It supplies updates on current literature, both popular and professional, that relates to ethics.
The Sports Science Web Directory supplies links to organisations concerned with Sport Ethics.
The Australian Sports Commission National Sport Information Centre provides links to information about ethics in sport under the headings of harassment guidelines, codes of behaviour, sportsmanship, and racial vilification.