1. Composition and Function http://youtu.be/uQp3XM3zugI
Blood
Composition and Function

2. Explain the composition of blood Describe the function of blood cells
Blood and Blood Spatter By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
Explain the composition of blood
Describe the function of blood cells
Determine the blood type of a blood sample
Conduct a blood spatter analysis
Examine wounds and describe the nature of the weapon
Find and process blood evidence

3. Crime Scene Investigation of Blood
Search for blood evidence
Determine
Is the evidence blood?
Is the blood human?
What is the blood type?
Interpret the findings:
Does the blood type match a suspect’s blood?
If not, exclude that suspect
If yes, decide if DNA profiling is necessary

4. Introduction and History
Blood typing provides class evidence
DNA profiling provides individual evidence
A blood splatter pattern provides information
the truthfulness of an account by a witness or a suspect
the origin of the blood
the angle and velocity of impact
the type of weapon used

5. Composition of Blood Plasma—a liquid suspending other blood components
Red blood cells (Erthrocytes)— carries oxygen to the body’s cells and carbon dioxide away
White blood cells (Leukocytes)— fights disease and foreign invaders and, alone, contain cell nuclei
Platelets—aids in blood clotting and the repair of damaged blood vessels

6. Composition of Blood

7. Types of white Blood Cells
Type of WBC
% in blood
Role
Neutrophil
40-70%
Phagocytizes bacteria
Eosinophil
1-4%
Phagocytizes and destroys antigen-antibody complexes
Basophil
0-1%
Releases histamine when stimulated
Lymphocyte
20-45%
B-produces antibodies in blood/lymph
T-kills virus-containing cells
Monocyte
4-8%
Becomes macrophage (phagocytizes bacteria/viruses

8. Cellular Components of Blood

9. Meiosis
Chromosomes: DNA wrapped around protein. It is condensed so it can be transferred to new cells.
Meiosis: forms unique gametes (sex cellssperm/egg)
Haploid (n): ½ set of chromosomes, gamete (sex) cells
Diploid (2n): full set of chromosomes, body (somatic) cells
Discuss ‘chromosome’ ‘diploid/haploid’ gamete/somatic and meiosis only

10. Some Definitions…. Genetics: The scientific study of heredity.
Trait: A specific characteristic of an individual. (For example??)
Gene:
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein (and, therefore, a trait)
Passed down from parent to offspring
Allele: Different possible forms of a gene (one from each parent)
Homozygous: 2 of the same allele for the same gene
Heterozygous: different alleles for the same gene

11. Principle of Dominance
Definition: Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive
Which is the dominant allele for eye color, and which is the recessive?

12. Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype: the genetic makeup (i.e. combination of alleles for each particular gene)
Phenotype: the physical traits exhibited by an organism (observable)

13. Can we PREDICT which trait(s) will be inherited??
Probability: Definition??
Punnett Squares

14. Punnett square Practice
If a father is type IaIa and the mother is IBii, what is the probability of the offspring having the blood type IaIb?

15. Blood Typing—Proteins
Discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner
Identifies the presence or absence of particular proteins embedded in the cell
Quicker and less expensive than DNA profiling
Produces class evidence but can still link a suspect to a crime scene or exclude a suspect

16. Blood typing antigens & antibodies

17. Blood Typing—Proteins
42% % 3% %
of the population in the United States

18. Rh Factor
85% of the population has a protein called RH factor on their blood cells

19. Rh factor

20. Blood Typing—Antibodies
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens to destroy them (immune response) Antigens (antibody generator) are carbohydrates attached to the surface of cells that react with antibodies

21. Antigen/antibody response
In the presence of foreign antigens, antibodies bind to the antigen and, in the case of blood, cause agglutination, (clump together).

23. Blood Typing —Probability and Blood Types
The probability of a blood type equals the product of probabilities for each protein group
If Type A = 42% and Rh Factor = 85%
Then A+ = .42 x .85 = .357 (35.7%)
Knowing additional proteins and enzymes in the blood sample
Narrows the population group
Increases the probability of identifying a suspect

24. Practice problem
What is the probability of having AB- blood knowing Ab is 3% of the population, and no rh is 15%?
.03x.15=.0045x100=.45% of the population (rare!!!)

25. Presumptive blood stuff

26. Spatter and analysis http://youtu.be/mlx3-1E1c8U
Blood
Spatter and analysis

27. Introduction and History
Blood typing provides class evidence
DNA profiling provides individual evidence
A blood splatter pattern provides information
the truthfulness of an account by a witness or a suspect
the origin of the blood
the angle and velocity of impact
the type of weapon used

28. Crime Scene Investigation of Blood
Search for blood evidence
Determine
Is the evidence blood?
Is the blood human?
What is the blood type?
Interpret the findings:
Does the blood type match a suspect’s blood?
If not, exclude that suspect
If yes, decide if DNA profiling is necessary

29. Blood Spatter 1939—spatter patterns first analyzed
Blood may spatter when a wound is inflicted
Blood spatter pattern—a grouping of blood stains
Patterns help to reconstruct the events surrounding a shooting, stabbing, or beating

30. Blood Spatter Analysis
Analysis of a spatter pattern can aid in determining the:
direction blood traveled
angle of impact
point of origin of the blood
velocity of the blood
manner of death

31. Blood Spatter Analysis
Natural cohesiveness of blood
Definition of cohesiveness maybe a reference to water and it’s properties?

32. Blood Spatter Analysis
Satellite droplets—
When blood falls from a height, or at a high velocity,
It overcomes its natural cohesiveness, and
Separates from the main droplet
Spiking patterns—
Form around the droplet edges when blood falls onto a less-than-smooth surface

33. Blood Spatter Analysis —Directionality
The shape of an individual drop of blood provides clues to the direction from where the blood originated. How will the point of impact compare with the rest of a blood pattern?

34. Blood Spatter Analysis
Lines of convergence—two or blood spatters can pinpoint the location of the blood source (forms area of convergence)

35. Blood Spatter Analysis —Six Patterns
Describe each of these:
Passive drops
Arterial gushes
Splashes
Smears
Trails
Pools

36. Blood Spatter Analysis —Impact
Patterns can help investigators determine the type of weapon used
What kind of a pattern is produced by a gun shot?
What kind of a pattern is produced by a hammer blow?

37. Crime Scene Investigation of Blood
Search for blood evidence
Determine
Is the evidence blood?
Is the blood human?
What is the blood type?
Interpret the findings:
Does the blood type match a suspect’s blood?
If not, exclude that suspect
If yes, decide if DNA profiling is necessary