1. Chapter 4 Carbon and theMolecular Diversity of Life

2. Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon compounds.
Urea

3. Carbon’s versatility Forms 4 covalent bonds.
Molecular shape is tetrahedral.
Bonds easily to itself.

4. Major Elements Of Organic Molecules
Carbon: +4 or -4
Hydrogen: +1
Oxygen: -2
Nitrogen: -3
The valences are the “rules” for building organic molecules.

5. Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules made of only carbon and hydrogen.

6. Examples

7. Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but have different structures.
Result: Different molecular and chemical properties.

8. Types Of Isomers
Structural
Geometric
Enantiomers

9. Structural Isomers Different in covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Butane
Isobutane

10. Geometric Isomers
Same covalent partnership but differ in spatial arrangements.
Arise from the inflexibility of double bonds.

12. Enantiomers Molecules that are mirror images of each other.
Usually involve an asymmetric carbon.

14. Comment
Organisms are sensitive to even the most subtle variations in molecular architecture.

15. Example - Thalidomide Cells can distinguish between two isomers.
One is an effective drug.
The other causes birth defects.

17. Danielle
AP Biology

18. Assignments
Read Chapters 4, 5 in Campbell and/or Chapters 2,3 in Hillis
Lab – graphing tips
Homework 3 – Friday
No broadcast Monday
No lab next Tuesday, Thursday
Homework 4 – Wednesday
Thalidomide article – discussion posting due by Wed. next week.

19. Functional Groups A group of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton.
Have consistent properties.
Their number and kind give properties to the molecule.

20. Importance of Functional Groups

21. What to focus on: Structure of the functional group.
Properties of the functional group.
Examples of molecules with the functional group.

24. Aldehydes A carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton. Ex. - C=O| H
Sometimes written as
- CHO

25. Ketones A carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon chain. Ex. -C-C-C-||

27. Carboxylic Acids
Donate H+ (acid).
Form many weak organic acids.

32. Chapter Summary Be able to recognize isomers.
Know the seven functional groups and what properties they give to molecules.