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Plant biofuel related Novel biofuel Novel ways to enhance biofuel production Biophotovoltaics Photosynthesis related Enhancing light harvesting Enhancing carbon capture Carboxysomes in higher plants Carbonic anhydrase C4 rice Plant biotechnology related Plantibodies Other useful products made in plants Bioremediation Heavy metals Pesticides
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Agriculture related Improving nutritional value by GMO or wide-breeding Vitamins Essential amino acids Iron Other nutrients Reducing fertilizer needs Selecting for water-use efficiency Selecting for efficiency of other nutrients Moving N-fixation to other species Improving mycorrhizae GMO for weed and pest control Round-up resistance BT toxin Treating viruses, viroids, etc by GMO
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Light regulation of growth
Plants sense Light quantity Light quality (colors) Light duration Direction it comes from Have photoreceptors that sense specific wavelengths
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Blue Light Responses Circadian Rhythms Solar tracking Phototropism Inhibiting stem elongation Chloroplast movement Stomatal opening Gene expression Flowering in Arabidopsis
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Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their fluence requirements & lag time Stomatal opening is reversible by green light; others aren’t Multiple blue receptors with different functions!
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Blue Light Responses Responses vary in their fluence requirements & lag time Stomatal opening is reversible by green light; others aren’t Multiple blue receptors with different functions! Identified by mutants, then clone the gene and identify the protein
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Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering Set the circadian clock (in humans, too!) Stimulate anthocyanin synthesis
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Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes repress hypocotyl elongation Stimulate flowering Set the circadian clock (in humans, too!) Stimulate anthocyanin synthesis 3 CRY genes
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes All have same basic structure: Photolyase-like domain binds FAD and a pterin (MTHF) that absorbs blue & transfers energy to FAD in photolyase (an enzyme that uses light energy to repair pyr dimers) DAS binds COP1 & has nuclear localization signals CRY1 & CRY2 kinase proteins after absorbing blue
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 & CRY2 kinase proteins after absorbing blue CRY3 repairs mt & cp DNA!
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth Opens anion channels in PM
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth Opens anion channels in PM Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth Opens anion channels in PM Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis Entrains the circadian clock
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth Opens anion channels in PM Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis Entrains the circadian clock Also accumulates in nucleus & interacts with PHY & COP1 to regulate photomorphogenesis, probably by kinasing substrates
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable Triggers rapid changes in PM potential & growth Opens anion channels in PM Stimulates anthocyanin synthesis Entrains the circadian clock Also accumulates in nucleus & interacts with PHY & COP1 to regulate photomorphogenesis, probably by kinasing substrates 2. CRY2 controls flowering
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable 2. CRY2 controls flowering: little effect on other processes Light-labile
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth: light-stable 2. CRY2 controls flowering: little effect on other processes Light-labile 3. CRY3 enters cp & mito, where binds & repairs DNA!
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Blue Light Responses 3 CRY genes CRY1 regulates blue effects on growth 2. CRY2 controls flowering: little effect on other processes CRY3 enters cp & mito, where binds & repairs DNA! Cryptochromes are not involved in phototropism or stomatal opening!
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Blue Light Responses Cryptochromes are not involved in phototropism or stomatal opening! Phototropins are!
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Blue Light Responses Phototropins are involved in phototropism & stomatal opening! Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens
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Phototropins Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancements
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Phototropins Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement & blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells
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Phototropins Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement & blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2 repeats
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Phototropins Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement & blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2 repeats LOV1 & LOV2 bind FlavinMonoNucleotide cofactors
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Phototropins Many names (nph, phot, rpt) since found by several different mutant screens Mediate blue light-induced growth enhancement & blue light-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in guard cells Contain light-activated serine-threonine kinase domain and LOV1 (light-O2-voltage) and LOV2 repeats LOV1 & LOV2 bind FlavinMonoNucleotide cofactors After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate & kinase other proteins
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Phototropins After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate & kinase other proteins 1 result = phototropism due to uneven auxin transport
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Phototropins After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate & kinase other proteins 1 result = phototropism due to uneven auxin transport Send more to side away from light!
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Phototropins After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate & kinase other proteins 1 result = phototropism due to uneven auxin transport Send more to side away from light! Phot 1 mediates LF
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Phototropins After absorbing blue rapidly autophosphorylate & kinase other proteins 1 result = phototropism due to uneven auxin transport Send more to side away from light! PHOT 1 mediates LF PHOT2 mediates HIR
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Phototropins 2nd result = stomatal opening via stimulation of guard cell PM proton pump Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells!
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Phototropins 2nd result = stomatal opening via stimulation of guard cell PM proton pump Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells & signaling from xanthophylls
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Phototropins 2nd result = stomatal opening via stimulation of guard cell PM proton pump Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells & signaling from xanthophylls npq mutants don’t make zeaxanthin & lack specific blue response
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Phototropins 2nd result = stomatal opening via stimulation of guard cell PM proton pump Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells & signaling from xanthophylls npq mutants don’t make zeaxanthin & lack specific blue response Basic idea: open when pump in K+
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Phototropins 2nd result = stomatal opening via stimulation of guard cell PM proton pump Also requires photosynthesis by guard cells & signaling from xanthophylls npq mutants don’t make zeaxanthin & lack specific blue response Basic idea: open when pump in K+ Close when pump out K+
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Phototropins Basic idea: open when pump in K+ Close when pump out K+ Control is hideously complicated!
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Phototropins Basic idea: open when pump in K+ Close when pump out K+ Control is hideously complicated! Mainly controlled by blue light
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Phototropins Basic idea: open when pump in K+ Close when pump out K+ Control is hideously complicated! Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role
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Phototropins Basic idea: open when pump in K+ Close when pump out K+ Control is hideously complicated! Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important
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Phototropins Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important due to effect on [photosynthate] in guard cells
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Phototropins Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important due to effect on [photosynthate] in guard cells PHOT1 &2 also help
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Phototropins Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important due to effect on [photosynthate] in guard cells PHOT1 &2 also help Main GC blue receptor is zeaxanthin!
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Phototropins Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important due to effect on [photosynthate] in guard cells PHOT1 &2 also help Main GC blue receptor is zeaxanthin! Reason for green reversal
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Phototropins Mainly controlled by blue light, but red also plays role Light intensity is also important due to effect on [photosynthate] in guard cells PHOT1 &2 also help Main GC blue receptor is zeaxanthin! Reason for green reversal water stress overrides light!
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Phototropins water stress overrides light: roots make Abscisic Acid: closes stomates & blocks opening regardless of other signals!
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development Absorbed by UVR8: goes from inactive dimer to active monomer
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development Absorbed by UVR8: goes from inactive dimer to active monomer +ve regulators = COP1 & HY5
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UV-B perception Plants also use UV-B to control development Absorbed by UVR8: goes from inactive dimer to active monomer +ve regulators = COP1 & HY5 -ve regulators = RUP1 & RUP2
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Growth regulators Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Abscisic acid Ethylene Brassinosteroids All are small organics: made in one part, affect another part
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Growth regulators All are small organics: made in one part, affect another part Treating a plant tissue with a hormone is like putting a dime in a vending machine. It depends on the machine, not the dime!
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Auxin First studied by Darwins! Showed that a "transmissible influence" made at tips caused bending lower down
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Auxin First studied by Darwins! Showed that a "transmissible influence" made at tips caused bending lower down No tip, no curve!
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Auxin First studied by Darwins! Showed that a "transmissible influence" made at tips caused bending lower down No tip, no curve! 1913:Boysen-Jensen showed that diffused through agar blocks but not through mica
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Auxin 1913:Boysen-Jensen showed that diffused through agar blocks but not through mica 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark
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Auxin 1913:Boysen-Jensen showed that diffused through agar blocks but not through mica 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark Uneven amounts of "transmissible influence" makes bend
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Auxin 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark Uneven amounts of "transmissible influence" makes bend 1926: Went showed that a chemical that diffused from tips into blocks caused growth
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Auxin 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark Uneven amounts of "transmissible influence" makes bend 1926: Went showed that a chemical that diffused from tips into blocks caused growth If placed asymmetrically get bending due to asymmetrical growth
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Auxin 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark Uneven amounts of "transmissible influence" makes bend 1926: Went showed that a chemical that diffused from tips into blocks caused growth If placed asymmetrically get bending due to asymmetrical growth Amount of bending depends on [auxin]
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Auxin 1919: Paal showed that if tip was replaced asymmetrically, plant grew asymmetrically even in dark Uneven amounts of "transmissible influence" makes bend 1926: Went showed that a chemical that diffused from tips into blocks caused growth If placed asymmetrically get bending due to asymmetrical growth Amount of bending depends on [auxin] 1934: Indole-3-Acetic acid (IAA) from the urine of pregnant women was shown to cause bending
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IAA IBA 4-CI-IAA PA Auxin
1934: Indole-3-Acetic acid (IAA) from the urine of pregnant women was shown to cause bending IAA is the main auxin in vivo. Others include Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid (PA) IAA IBA 4-CI-IAA PA
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IAA Auxin IAA is the main auxin in vivo.
Many synthetic auxins have been identified IAA
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IAA Auxin IAA is the main auxin in vivo.
Many synthetic auxins have been identified No obvious structural similarity, yet all work! IAA
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IAA Auxin IAA is the main auxin in vivo.
Many synthetic auxins have been identified No obvious structural similarity, yet all work! Widely used in agriculture IAA
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IAA Auxin IAA is the main auxin in vivo.
Many synthetic auxins have been identified No obvious structural similarity, yet all work! Widely used in agriculture to promote growth (flowering, cuttings) IAA
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IAA Auxin IAA is the main auxin in vivo.
Many synthetic auxins have been identified No obvious structural similarity, yet all work! Widely used in agriculture to promote growth (flowering, cuttings) as weed killers! Agent orange was 1:1 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T IAA
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IAA Auxin weed killers! Agent orange was 1:1 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
2,4,5-T was contaminated with dioxin, a carcinogen IAA
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IAA Auxin weed killers! Agent orange was 1:1 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T
2,4,5-T was contaminated with dioxin, a carcinogen 2,4-D is still widely used: selectively kills dicots IAA
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Auxin weed killers! 2,4-D is still widely used: selectively kills dicots Controls weeds in monocot crops (corn, rice, wheat) Mech unclear: may cause excess ethylene or ABA production. IAA
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Auxin weed killers! 2,4-D is still widely used: selectively kills dicots Controls weeds in monocot crops (corn, rice, wheat) Mech unclear: may cause excess ethylene or ABA production. IAA
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Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo!
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Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated!
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Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated! Best way to measure [auxin] is bioassay!
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Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated! Best way to measure [auxin] is bioassay! Critical concentration varies between tissues
![Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated! Best way to measure [auxin] is bioassay!](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/76/Auxin+%3E90%25of+IAA+is+conjugated+to+sugars+in+vivo%21+Inactive%2C+but+readily+activated%21+Best+way+to+measure+%5Bauxin%5D+is+bioassay%21.jpg "Critical concentration varies between tissues.")
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Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated! Best way to measure [auxin] is bioassay! Critical concentration varies between tissues Roots are much more sensitive than leaves!
![Auxin >90%of IAA is conjugated to sugars in vivo! Inactive, but readily activated! Best way to measure [auxin] is bioassay!](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/77/Auxin+%3E90%25of+IAA+is+conjugated+to+sugars+in+vivo%21+Inactive%2C+but+readily+activated%21+Best+way+to+measure+%5Bauxin%5D+is+bioassay%21.jpg "Critical concentration varies between tissues. Roots are much more sensitive. than leaves!")
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Auxin Critical concentration varies between tissues Roots are much more sensitive than leaves! Made in leaves & transported to roots so [IAA] decreases going down the plant Most cells are IAA sinks!
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Auxin Synthesis Made in leaves & transported to roots so [IAA] decreases going down the plant Most is made from trp
![Auxin Synthesis Made in leaves & transported to roots so [IAA] decreases going down the plant.](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/79/Auxin+Synthesis+Made+in+leaves+%26+transported+to+roots+so+%5BIAA%5D+decreases+going+down+the+plant..jpg "Most is made from trp.")
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Auxin Synthesis Most is made from trp Also made by trp-independent pathway: exits before trp
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Auxin Synthesis Most is made from trp Also made by trp-independent pathway: exits before trp Path used varies between tissues
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Auxin Synthesis Most is made from trp Also made by trp-independent pathway: exits before trp Path used varies between tissues No way to run out of IAA
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Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism
![Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/83/Auxin+Levels+No+way+to+run+out+of+IAA%21+%5BIAA%5D+depends+on+metabolism.jpg "Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism")
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Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism Most cells are IAA sinks!
![Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism Most cells are IAA sinks!](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/84/Auxin+Levels+No+way+to+run+out+of+IAA%21+%5BIAA%5D+depends+on+metabolism+Most+cells+are+IAA+sinks%21.jpg "Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism Most cells are IAA sinks!")
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Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism Most cells are IAA sinks! IAA is made at shoot apex & transported down: basipetal
![Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism. Most cells are IAA sinks! IAA is made at shoot apex &](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/85/Auxin+Levels+No+way+to+run+out+of+IAA%21+%5BIAA%5D+depends+on+metabolism.+Most+cells+are+IAA+sinks%21+IAA+is+made+at+shoot+apex+%26.jpg "transported down: basipetal.")
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Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism Most cells are IAA sinks! IAA is made at shoot apex & transported down: basipetal IAA transport therefore affects growth & development
![Auxin Levels No way to run out of IAA! [IAA] depends on metabolism. Most cells are IAA sinks! IAA is made at shoot apex &](http://slideplayer.com/slide/14048542/86/images/86/Auxin+Levels+No+way+to+run+out+of+IAA%21+%5BIAA%5D+depends+on+metabolism.+Most+cells+are+IAA+sinks%21+IAA+is+made+at+shoot+apex+%26.jpg "transported down: basipetal. IAA transport therefore affects. growth & development.")
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Auxin Transport IAA transport therefore affects growth & development is polar and basipetal: New roots form at base of stem even if stored upside-down
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Auxin Transport IAA transport therefore affects development: is polar and basipetal. New roots form at base of stem even if stored upside-down. Stem sections only move IAA basipetally
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