Veterinary Assisting Unit C

Veterinary Assisting Unit C
Animal Care and Management

Essential Standard 5.00 Evaluate safe handling and safety techniques for patient management.

Objective 5.01 Evaluate proper restraint techniques for each species.

Essential Questions Why is proper restraint of animals a critical skill? What equipment may be used to restrain an animal? What positions are commonly used to restrain animals? What knots are used in animal restraint?

Restraint Considerations
hold back, check, or suppress an action and keep something under control using safety and some means of physical, chemical, or psychological action

Restraint Considerations
Used by veterinary staff to allow an animal to be controlled for procedures Safety of animal and of the people Sedative/Tranquilizer medication given to an animal to keep it calm during certain stressful procedures or circumstances

Animal Safety Those not accustomed to humans will become easily stressed when removed from territory Young animals handle with care; small and brittle bones Older animals handle with care; may be arthritic and painful

Animal Safety Safety of animal and staff must be considered every time restraint is necessary Never allow non-veterinary staff or animal owner to restrain any animal Potential legal issue

Restraint Equipment Muzzles, anti-kick bars, hobbles, or stanchions
commonly for dogs, cats, and horses made of nylon, leather, wire, or basket materials can be made with gauze, tape, or leashes Towels used to restrain small animals used to wrap and contain

Restraint Equipment Squeeze cages Halters and Leads
used with small animals contains animal without placing a person’s hands directly on animal Halters and Leads used on large animals halter is placed on the head and lead rope attached Twitch-restraint device attached to a horses upper lip Nose tongs used in cattle applies pressure to the inside of nostrils

Anti-kick bars

Hobbles

Chain Twitch

Stanchion

Nose tongs

Muzzles

Squeeze cages

Planning the Restraint Procedure
Area with enough room, is clean, is dry, and is well lit Plan should be discussed Move any costly equipment Nonslip area Temperature should be considered What should be done if animal happens to get away from restrainer Backup plan

Restraint Knots Knots are made from one to two pieces of rope material where one section of the rope prevents slipping of another Allow animals to be tied and restrained for a temporary period of time Ropes should be inspected Ropes may be used to tie animals in position

Restraint Knots Square Knot Commonly used to secure an animal
Nonslip knot that doesn’t come untied Two ropes or a single rope can be used to make the square not

Square Knot

Restraint Knots Reefer’s Knot
Single bow knot that allows a nonslip, quick release tie Same as the square knot with the exception that the second throw is made upon itself, creating a hold that can easily be untied Common tie for large animals to prevent them from injuring their heads and necks during restraint

Reefer’s Knot

Restraint Knots Half Hitch
Tie that makes a loop around a stationary location such as a post or a fence Commonly used to secure an animal to a surgery table

Hitches

Restraint Positions Recumbency lying position

Restraint Positions Standing restraint
used to keep an animal standing for a procedure and to prevent it from sitting or lying down

Restraint Positions Sitting restraint
used to keep an animal in a sitting position for ease of completing a procedure

Restraint Positions Sternal recumbency
placing the animal on its chest for restraint

Restraint Positions Lateral recumbency
placing the animal on its side for restraint May be done in left or right lateral recumbency

Restraint Positions Dorsal recumbency
used to place the animal on its back for restraint; is a common restraint during surgical procedures and radiology techniques

Blood collection Cephalic vein
located in the medial aspect of the front limbs known as cephalic venipuncture

Blood collection Jugular vein
located on either side of neck in lower throat area

Blood collection Saphenous vein
located on lateral surface of the rear limbs just proximal to the hock

Small Animal Restraint
Animal is held in safe manner through body control Common injuries: bites and scratches Cats, dogs, rodents, rabbits, ferrets, reptiles, and birds Diversions: talking to animal, calm noises, lightly blowing in face, or lightly rubbing temple area

Cats Tend to be one of the most difficult during restraint when they become upset and aggressive from stress Safely restrain and have control over the head Cat bags: control the limbs and head Squeeze cages: wire boxes with small slots that allow injections to be given

Cats Anesthesia chamber: used to sedate
Scruff technique: gives control over head; may divert attention Stretch technique: scruffing the cat with one hand while in lateral recumbency and using the free hand to hold the rear limbs and pull them dorsally

Dogs Rabies pole or snare pole
is long, has noose on end, and acts as leash captures and restrains dogs pulling can cause severe head and neck injuries

Large Animal Restraint
Livestock: horses, cattle, goats, swine, and sheep Instincts of prey animals “Fight or flight” instinct as part of reaction to restraint Capable of: kicking, biting, rearing up into the air, or using their large bodies to injure

Horses: Several types of twitches available Holding up one leg while working on another leg Skin Pinch on neck Chain lead shank

Cattle: Nose tongs Head gates Squeeze chutes

Objective 5.02 Evaluate proper safety protocol in a clinical setting.

Essential Questions Why is it important to understand how an animal behaves? What are the instinctive behaviors? How do instinctive behaviors compare to learned behaviors? How do you distinguish between normal and abnormal behaviors? What are vital signs? What is a normal temperature/pulse/respiration for each species? What skills is a veterinary assistant responsible for? What are basic grooming procedures the veterinary assistant is responsible for?

Instinctive behavior kneading of the paws on mother’s mammary glands, mother and newborn, marking, predatory, submission and dominance Acquired through an animal’s genetic makeup Each species is built on somewhat different pattern The brain and other parts of the nervous system generate a response to environmental input and hormones

Learned behavior modification of behavior in response to specific experience Conditioning process of teaching an animal an action in relationship to another action reward for coming to clicker sound Modeling when animal learns behavior through watching other animals conduct the behavior Imprinting due to a process that must occur within a distinct, usually short time period newborn horse can be achieved by rubbing its entire body and handling it to become used to people

Animal Species Normal Behaviors Abnormal Behaviors Dog
Barking, marking, chewing, digging, jumping Aggression, biting, growling, food aggression, destructive behaviors, house soiling, coprophagia Cat Chasing, pouncing, jumping, stalking, purring, hissing, hunting, grooming, scratching House soiling, chewing, excessive self-grooming, destructive scratching Rabbit Grooming, coprophagia (eating feces), marking, growling, thumping Biting, striking, hiding, screaming Bird Screaming, mimicking, preening feathers, biting, beak grinding Excessive screaming, aggression, territorial, feather picking, self destruction, destructive chewing

Animal Species Normal Behaviors Abnormal Behaviors Cow
Pushing, tail swishing, charging, pawing ground Aggression, kicking biting Goat Butting, jumping, climbing, chewing Aggression, destructive chewing, biting Sheep Butting, bumping, herd instinct, vocal, playful Aggression, biting Pig Biting, squealing, bumping Aggression, charging Horse Kicking, biting, flattening ears, whinnying Bucking, rearing, charging, destructive biting, aggression, destructive chewing

Socialization and Exercise of Patients
Provide the human interaction animals need when hospitalized Petting Talking Holding Exercise Animals may not urinate in the cage

Examination Procedures to Evaluate the Safety of Animals
Vital Signs measurements to assess the basic functions of the body and include heart rate respiratory rate Temperature blood pressure mucous membrane color capillary refill time weight

Temperature shows sign of infection or other problems Hypothermia below normal body temperature Hyperthermia above normal temperature and causes body to have fever (can be sign of infection, stroke, or toxicity) Heat stroke considered when body temperatures exceed 105 degrees

Pulse number of times the heart beats per minute Taken by locating an artery Heart rate is the number of times the heart relaxes and contracts in a minute taken with a stethoscope Respiratory rate how many breaths in a minute

Species Normal Core Body Temperature (F) Normal Heart Rates Normal Respiratory Rates Dog 70-180 16-20 Cat 20-30 Rabbit 32-60 Guinea Pig 40-150 Horse 35-45 8-16 Cow 60-70 10-30 Sheep 60-80 12-20 Goat 70-80 Pig 8-15 Chicken 15-30 Hampster 35-135

Blood pressure tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls and is measured by a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) Systolic ventricles contract Diastolic ventricles relax

Mucous membranes color of animal’s gums Capillary Refill time place a finger on gums with a small amount of pressure allowing area to turn white normal 1-2 minutes

Weight assessment animals are evaluated to check for obesity or thin body conditions use a size appropriate scale or weight tape

Auscultation Stethoscope is used to listen to the chest area Heart area can be located by taking the front leg and pulling it back to the chest or thorax area and where the elbow hits the chest Bradycardia slow heart rate Tachycardia fast heart rate

Eye Exam Normal eyes are clear and responsive Jaundice yellowing of the skin PLR- pupillary light response normal direct PLR abnormal indirect PLR

Ears note any smell, swelling, redness, or discharge Dental Exam check for tooth problems Plaque- soft building of material on surfaces of teeth Calculus (tartar)- mineralized plaque Gingivitis- inflammation of gums Tooth abscess- roots of teeth can have a problem when a tooth is broken

Essential Standard 6.00 Analyze general anatomy and disease processes.

Objective 6.01 Organize knowledge of structures of living organisms.

Essential Questions What are anatomy, physiology, and pathology?
What are the structural units of living things? What are the functions of cells? What are the types and phases of cell division?

Basic Cell Terminology
Anatomy study of internal and external body structure Physiology study of the functions of those structures and how they work Pathology study of disease processes Cells basic structural unit of living things Come in many shapes and sizes Each type of cell has a unique function

Basic Cell Terminology
Organelles- small units responsible for a specific function Cell Membrane holds the cell together Cytoplasm fluid part of the cell that allows the internal structure of the cell to move Nucleus brain of the cell, usually in the center Nucleolus contained within the nucleus, formed from the genetic material Mitochondria makes energy for use by the cell (‘powerhouse’) Ribosomes make proteins Lysosomes digest food and proteins

Cell Functions Active Transport Anabolism Catabolism Diffusion
process in which substances found in lower concentration areas will be moved to higher concentration areas Anabolism process in which smaller particles combine to form larger particles Catabolism process in which larger particles are broken down into smaller particles Diffusion process in which a substance moves from areas of high concentration to low concentrations

Cell Functions Endocytosis Extra cellular fluid (ECF) Homeostasis
process in which a cell takes a particle in Extra cellular fluid (ECF) fluid found outside the cell Homeostasis maintenance and balance of body processes Osmosis movement of a substance along a diffusion gradient across cell membranes Phagocytosis process by which dead cells and waste materials are eaten or removed from the body

Metabolism all of the chemical reactions within the body that break down or build new chemicals

Cell Division the process by which a cell splits into two or more cells

Mitosis type of cell division which allows for growth and regeneration of body cells (somatic cells) Each daughter cell is identical to the original cell Phases Interphase- the cells are in their normal state the nucleus and nuclear membrane are distinct chromosomes are in a thread like mass inside the nucleus Prophase- Chromatin forms and begins to take an X shape Centrioles begin to move toward opposite poles creating fibers between them Chromosomes begin to condense Nuclear membrane is less distinct Metaphase- spindle fibers are formed at the center of the cell. Chromosomes begin to attach to the fibers between the centrioles in the center of the cell Anaphase- chromosomes split and move to opposite poles as the spindle fibers shorten Telophase- divides to create 2 or 4 new cells Nuclear membrane begins to reform

Video Cell Cycle and Mitosis Watch the video:

Meiosis cell division for breeding and reproductive cells (gametes)
Each daughter cell is unique, and has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell Male gametes (sperm cells) unite with female gametes (egg cells) at fertilization to provide a full complement of chromosomes for the offspring

Phases of Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Chromosome begin to condense Chromosomes similar in structure pair and cross over Cross over provides increased genetic diversity Metaphase I spindle fibers are formed at the center of the cell. Chromosomes begin to attach to the fibers between the centrioles Anaphase I chromosomes split and move to opposite poles Telophase I chromosomes reach opposite ends of cell Nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis cell division occurs producing 2 identical cells

Phases of Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Chromosome begin to condense Metaphase II spindle fibers are formed at the center of the cell. Chromosomes begin to attach to the fibers between the centrioles. Anaphase II Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell as spindle fibers shorten. Telophase II chromosomes reach opposite ends of cell. Nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis cell division occurs producing 4 cells with half the chromosomes of the original parent cell

Meiosis: The Great Divide
Video Watch the video: Meiosis: The Great Divide

Cell Organization Tissue- group of cells that are alike in structure
Perform specific functions Histology- study of tissues 4 types of tissue Epithelial- covers the body’s surface and lines the internal organ structures and protects structures. Ex: skin, epicardium Connective- holds and supports body structures. Ex: tendons, ligaments Muscular- allows movements of body parts Nervous- respond to stimulus and cause a reaction in the body Organ- group of similar tissues that perform a specific function Ex: liver, kidney, etc Organ System group of organs working together to perform body functions

Disease and Injury Infection- invasion of a foreign substance causing disease Inflammation- protective response by the body to an injury. Results in pain, swelling, and redness Trauma- external forces that damage tissue. Emergency management prevents complications such as blood loss or infection Tumors- localized area of rapid cell division Benign- not cancerous Malignant- cancer causing tumors. Large nucleus, abnormal spindle, frequently cells appear clumped.

Objective 6.02 Differentiate microbes and parasites to identify disease processes.

Essential Questions What are the various types of microorganisms that contribute to disease processes? What are some of the common animal external parasites? What are some of the common animal internal parasites? What is the importance of zoonosis in humans?

Disease abnormal change in the structure or function within the body
5 primary disease causing micro-organisms- Viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, rickettsial Microbiology- study of microorganisms Many are beneficial Pathogens- disease causing microorganisms

Disease Contagious diseases Non contagious diseases
can be spread to other animals or humans Direct contact- diseases that are spread by contact with an affected animal or body fluid. Indirect contact- spread by ways other than touching. Ex: airborne or through equipment and bedding. Non contagious diseases do not spread between animals

Viruses particles that are contagious and spread through the environment can only live inside a host cell cannot get nourishment or survive outside a cell antibiotics are not effective treatments supportive care is the treatment of choice fluid replacement pain management anti-pyretics (fever reducers) medications for vomiting and diarrhea Well known viruses influenza, West Nile virus, HIV

Bacteria single celled organisms that can cause disease
Beneficial flora- bacteria that normally live in or on an animal that help maintain the health of the animal. Ex: intestinal bacteria that help with digestion Pathogenic bacteria bacteria that cause disease opportunistic bacteria usually only cause disease when an ‘opportunity’ presents itself (eg: trauma, previous viral infection) Symptoms- depend on location of invasion. Ex: diarrhea, pneumonia, sinusitis, etc

Fungal disease caused by a pathogenic fungus or spore
Generally require warm moist environments to grow Usually occurs in immunologically impaired animals Can be very difficult and expensive to treat Use antifungal medications

Protozoal diseases single celled parasites that may survive in or out of the body Most feed off of dead or decaying matter and cause disease in animals that ingest them.

Rickettsial diseases spread by biting insects like ticks or fleas.
Must be in a host cell to reproduce.

Parasitology The study of organisms that live on or in other organisms to survive Parasites – may invade the internal or external parts of animals Most have one location that they live in, and they feed off the host, or animal that is infected Go through a life cycle: born as larvae and grow until capable of reproduction Can be controlled and prevented through proper sanitation and disinfection methods Enters the body many different ways Parasites can invade digestive tract, skin, or muscles of an animal.

Internal Parasites Occur in small and large animals
Include ringworms, whipworms, hookworms, heartworms, coccidian, tapeworms, and strongyles Many internal parasites invade the intestinal system causing vomiting and diarrhea Intestinal Parasites are diagnosed through fecal floatation

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