1. FIRE PROTECTION AND BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

2. 4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Syllabus covers
4.1 FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS
4.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.2.1 BUILDING UTILIZATION
4.2.2 COMPARTMENTATION
4.2.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE
4.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
4.3.1 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
4.3.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
4.3.3 SPRINKLER SYSTEM
4.3.4 MECHANICAL COMPARTMENTATION
4.4 BUILDING TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4.4.1ELEVATORS
4.4.3 ESCALATORS
4.4.4 WALKALATORS

3. 4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS
DEFINITION OF FIRE:
A REACTION THAT HAPPENED WHEN A COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL & OXYGEN IS EXPOSED TO THE SOURCE OF
HEAT OR TORCH
DEFINITION OF FIRE SAFETY:
ACTION PLANS BY APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPALS FOR FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION IN A PARTICULAR BUILDING AND STRATEGIES TO REDUCE FIRE HAZARDS DURING A FIRE INCIDENT
PROTECTION IN THE ASPECTS OF FIRE PREVENTION, CONTROL & EXTINGUISHMENT FOR A CERTAIN AREAS BASED ON AVAILABILITY OF RISK IN THAT AREA (JPBD:2007)

4. 4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the following:
turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;
covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO2;
application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end), or
application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction

5. 4.1: FIRE SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS
OBJECTIVE :
TO IDENTIFY IN DETAILS ALL FIXED PROTECTION SYSTEM IN A BUILDING, BOTH : (PASSIVE AND ACTIVE)
TWO (2) KINDS OF FIRE PROTECTIONS
1) FIRE PREVENTION
2) FIRE PROTECTION – Active & Passive Fire Protection
Measures undertake to prevent the occurrence of fire :
EDUCATION & TRAINNING
ENFORCEMENT
ENGINEERING
SECURITY
MAINTENANCE
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

6. Causes of fire:
Short circuit
Careless and unaware attitude among users
Dangerous activities held in building
Overheating
Pipe Leakage
Intentionally burning
Factors contribute to fire
Combustible materials used in building.
Combustible goods placed in building.
Poor fire fighting system in building.
* Poor space arrangement
* Improper installation of fire fighting equipments
Malfunction of fire fighting equipments.
Water shortage in fire fighting system

7. FIRE PROTECTION When deciding on what fire protection is appropriate for any given situation, it is important to assess the types of fire hazard that may be faced.
Class
Type of Fire
Fire Fighting Agent A
Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, rubber, paper, and some types of plastics
Water, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam B
Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquifiable solids such as petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some waxes & plastics, but not cooking fats or oils AND Fires that involve flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane
CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, Foam, Halon C
Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire
CO2, Dry Chemical Powder, Halon D
Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium
Dry Chemical Powder

8. LAWS & REQUIREMENT ON FIRE SAFETY
1) Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 1984,
- Part VII-Fire Requirements
- Part VIII-Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access
2) National Fire Protection Associations (NFNA)
3) Law by Fire Department (Akta Perkhidmatan Bomba 1988)

9. LAWS & REQUIREMENT ON FIRE SAFETY
1) Uniform Building By Law (UBBL) 1984
~ UBBL, is a published document, which is used as a required safety standard and is emphasized by government.
~ The FRDM strive to discharge its responsibilities in its prevention & safety program, and also its enforcement in relation to inspections of buildings & business licensing activities according to UBBL especially Part 7 & Part 8
~ Part 7 : Fire Requirement
Part 8 : Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment & Fire Fighting Access.

10. Fire Safety Planning One of a crucial stage in building design
Building plans required to be approved by the Fire Department (Jabatan Bomba & Penyelamat Malaysia- JBPM) before the building can be constructed.
Once the construction finished; the building itself will again required to be inspected before approved by JBPM.
The practice is part of the requirements by the Local Council before CF is issued.

11. GOOD BUILDING DESIGN WITH FIRE SAFETY MEASURE
Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants and other facilities to assist fire and rescue personnel
Provide adequate fixed installation where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fire
Designing & installing building services so that they do not assist the spread of fire, smoke or any toxic fumes.
Designing & providing adequate & safe escape route for the occupants of the building
Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the spread of fire or generates hazardous smokes.
Subdividing building into compartments of reasonable sizes by mean of fire resisting floor& wall, providing fire stop to protect openings between floor & compartments
Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that the fire unlikely to spread to it from another burning building

12. 4.2 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
DEFINITION :
- Passive fire protection (PFP) is defines as protection through ignition delays, reduce rate of burning and fire spread through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples).
- It is an integral component of the three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building.
ASPECTS OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION:
- Building Utilization
- Compartmentation
- Mean of Escape

13. 4.2.1 BUILDING UTILIZATION
Building utilization mean the number of persons using an undivided space, such as a meeting room, classroom, auditorium, hotel room or stadium.
As with building codes, fire-protection authorities often set a limit on the number of people that can occupy a space.
Reason of limitation number of person are :
- To ensure they must be able to leave the building through the available number of exits in a reasonable amount of time, without tripping or trampling each other In a panicked situation, possibly blinded by smoke.

14. 4.2.2 COMPARTMENTATION
Compartmentation is dividing spaces into small compartments which may contain single or multiple rooms.
The purpose of compartmentation is to limit the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases
Examples of compartmentation :
1) dividing office area into working place, office equipments room
( photostate & paper shredder machine ) and storage area
( papers, files)
2) dividing hospital area into treating room, operation theater and
chemical storage area

15. 4.2.2 COMPARTMENTATION
Method of compartmentation :
The construction of such compartments and all its components must focus to achieve fire resistance rating which all components are subject to stringent Listing and approval use and compliance in countries, where product certification is mandatory.
Type of component :
Fire - resistant elements
Interior furnishing / ceiling

16. FIRE - RESISTANT ELEMENTS
Firewalls are constructed of concrete or concrete blocks

17. FIRE - RESISTANT ELEMENTS
Fire-resistance rated door
This I beam has a fireproofing material sprayed onto it as a form of passive fire protection.

18. INTERIOR FURNISHING / CEILING
Spraying fireproofing to the ceiling using a gypsum based plaster

19. 4.2.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE
DEFINITION :
OSHA define an escape route or an exit route as a continuous and non-obstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety.
An exit route consists of three parts:
■ Exit access
portion of an exit route that leads to an exit.
■ Exit
portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge.
■ Exit discharge
part of the exit route that leads directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside.
emergency exit in Stockholm's underground station "Universitetet"

20. THE DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXIT ROUTES
Exit routes must be permanent parts of the workplace.
Exit discharges must lead directly outside These exit discharge areas must be large enough to commodate the building occupants
Exit stairs that continue beyond the level on which the exit discharge is located must be interrupted at that level by doors, partitions, or other effective means that clearly indicate the direction of travel leading to the exit discharge.
Exit route doors must be unlocked from the inside. They must be free of devices or alarms that could restrict use of the exit route if thedevice or alarm fails.
Side-hinged exit doors must be used to connect rooms to exit routes. These doors must swing out in the direction of exit travel if the room is to be occupied by more than 50 people or if the room is a high-hazard area.
Exit routes must support the maximum permitted occupant load for each floor served, and the capacity of an exit route may not decrease in the direction of exit route travel to the exit discharge.
Ceilings of exit routes must be at least 7 feet,6 inches high.
An exit access must be at least 28 inches wide at all points. Where there is only one exit access leading to an exit or exit discharge, the width of the exit and exit discharge must be at least equal to the width of the exit access. Objects that project into the exit must not reduce its width.

22. THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXIT
Exits must be separated by fire resistant materials - that is, one-hour fire-resistance rating if the exit connects three or fewer stories and two-hour fire-resistance rating if the exit connects more than three floors.
Exits are permitted to have only those openings necessary to allow access to the exit from occupied areas of the workplace or to the exit discharge. Openings must be protected by a self-closing, approved fire door that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency.

23. MEANS OF ESCAPE

24. 4.3 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

25. 4.1 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
DEFINITION :
Active fire protection (AFP) is AFP is characterized by items or system, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection.
THERE ARE 2 KINDS OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTIONS
1) FIRE DETECTION
2) FIRE SUPPRESSION

26. FIRE DETECTION FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
Fire detection system is designed to identify unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion.
There are 2 systems of detection:
1) Manually Fire Detection System
2) Automatic Fire Detection System
Fire Detection system consist of:
ALARM
MANUAL CALL POINT
DETECTOR
SMOKE
THERMAL / HEAT
FLAME

27. Manually Fire Alarm Detection
Fire Occurrence Devices (Manual Call Point – Break Glass / Phone)
Alarm Trigger Manually call Fire Department

28. Manual Fire Alarm Detection Devices

29. Automatic Fire Alarm Detection
Fire Occurrence Detected Devices (Automatic detect – Smoke Detector/ Heat Detector) Fire Alarm Trigger Detected on Control Panel (Location of fire in the building) Automatic Connected to Fire Department

30. Automatic Fire Alarm Detection Devices
Smoke Detector
Heat Detector
Fire Control Panel

31. FIRE SUPPRESSION
Fire suppression system is used conjunction with fire detection system to increase public safety. This system are governed by the codes under the NFPA.
Types of fire protection:
1) FIRE EXTINGUISHER
* Portable Fire Extinguisher
* Automatic Fire Extinguisher
2) HYDRANTS
* Hose Reel
* Wet Riser
* Dry Riser
* Foam Riser
3) SMOKE EXTRACTION & VENTILATION

32. FIRE EXTINGUISHER PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Portable extinguishers are intended as a first line of defense to cope with fires of limited size. They are needed even when a facility is equipped with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed protection equipment. Fire extinguisher training is provided by contacting the Health and Safety Office – Fire Safety Section.

33. FIRE EXTINGUISHER 2) AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHER 1) Sprinkler system
2) Gas / Foam system
1) Fire sprinkler system
- consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinkler are connected.
There are 2 main types of fire sprinkler system:
1) wet pipe system
2) dry pipe system

34. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM Wet Pipe System
When an automatic sprinkler is exposed for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating, the heat sensitive element (glass bulb or fusible link) releases, allowing water to flow from that sprinkler.
Dry Pipe System
When one or more of the automatic sprinklers is exposed to for a sufficient time to a temperature at or above the temperature rating, it opens, allowing the air in the piping to vent from that sprinkler. Each sprinkler operates individually. As the air pressure in the piping drops, the pressure differential across the dry pipe valve changes, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flow from sprinklers needed to control the fire is delayed until the air is vented from the sprinklers. For this reason, dry pipe systems are usually not as effective as wet pipe systems in fire control during the initial stages of the fire.

35. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM Wet system – Water ready in range pipe
Dry system – No water in range pipe

36. FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Types sprinkler head : Glass bulb, Fusible link, Chemical, Open

38. GAS / FOAM SYSTEM
Gas or foam water fire sprinkler system is a special application system, discharging a gas such as CO2 or mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate, resulting in a foam spray from the sprinkler.
These systems are usually used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires, such as flammable liquids, electrical room, computer and database room and airport  hangars

39. HYDRANTS Fire hydrants consists of hose reel and riser.
There are 3 types of riser which are:
1) dry riser
2) wet riser
3)foam riser

40. HYDRANTS Dry riser – No water in riser pipe
Wet riser – Water ready in riser pipe

41. SMOKE EXTRACTION & VENTILATION
Objectives
1) to aid fire control by eliminating smoke, heat, toxic and inflammable gasses from the source of fire
2) to retain visibility of escapers
3) to provide clear access for firefighters

42. Fire Safety Products

43. SELF TEST QUESTIONS WHAT IS ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION? ( 2 MARKS )
LIST 3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEAD
( 3 MARKS )
EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE OF MANUALLY AND AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
(5 MARKS)