1. Atoms Vs. Cells Atoms: Cells: basic building block of all matter.
You can’t see individual atoms with a magnifying glass or even a powerful optical microscope.
Cells:
basic building block of life
Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
Cells are made up of many atoms grouped into molecules, which are collections of atoms.
Can be seen with microscopes

2. What is an organism? an organism is any living system
(such as animal, plant, fungus, or micro- organism).
all organisms are capable of
response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development
may either be single-celled or multi-cellular
multicellular (many-celled) describes any organism made up of more than one cell

3. Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell?
Chicken egg
Single Cell: technically the cell is the tiny spot you can sometimes see on an egg yolk, as small as it is it’s still larger than most cells. The rest of the egg provides life support that would be necessary if the egg had been fertilized

4. Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell?
Water
Not a Cell: water is a polar molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

5. Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell?
Tree bark
Many Cells: Many plant cells combined to create the bark of a tree

6. Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell?
Amoeba
Single Cell: an amoeba is a single celled organism. Amoeba is Protozoa that consists of unicellular organisms which do not have a definite shape

7. Why is sugar so important
Sugar helps provide energy in the form of glucose, starch
Energy is necessary for cells/organelles to function (ATP)
Sugar is composed of C, H, O

8. What type of bonding is so important? Why?
Non- Polar Covalent.
It’s the only bond that is not soluble in water (doesn’t break up)
It’s important because our bodies are composed of mostly water
If we broke those bonds than the macromolecules, organelles, cells, etc. would not form

9. Why is bonding so important?
If elements don’t bond we don’t have molecules
If we don’t have molecules we don’t have macromolecules
If we don’t have macromolecules we don’t have cells

10. “Organic”
Links or chains of molecules that contain carbon atoms

11. Macromolecules
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, that in turn form molecules. Examples are:

12. What is an enzyme?
a protein molecule mad by an organism and used to speed up a specific biochemical reaction

13. What are we made of? Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
CHNOPS
make up 97% of your body

14. Carbon Atoms Are Essential for Life
Why is Carbon important?
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Carbon can form up to 4 bonds with other atoms.
Carbon atoms can link together to form a skeleton (or backbone) in different shapes.

15. Types Of macromolecules
Carbohydrates: a group of organic compounds composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that form major portions of plants and are important food sources for all living things
Proteins: an organic compound composed of amino acids (composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; form most structural materials and enzymes in cells
Amino acid: the molecular building blocks or subunits of proteins
Lipids: group of organic compounds (macromolecule) composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which do not dissolve in water and make up important parts of cells, such as portions of the cell membrane
Nucleic Acids: a sub unit or building block of DNA or RNA; chemically constructed of a sugar, nitrogen base and phosphate group

16. Lipids

17. Carbohydrates

18. Protein Molecules

20. Types of Macromolecules
Lipids
(Fats)
C, H, O
Long term storage for energy and carbon (2x carbs)
Combine w/ protein to form cell membrane
Meats, cheese, butter, milk (consume)
Ex:
Wax, oils, fats, steroids, and phospholipids
Proteins
Made from amino acids
C, H, N, O
form parts of organelles & membrane
Messengers/ receivers
Form parts of hair, skin, muscle, skeleton
Enzymes

21. Types of Macromolecules
Carbs
C, H, O
Store E in glucose and starch
Provide support to cells in cellulose (plant) and chitin (bugs exoskeleton)
Nucleic Acids
C, H, N, O, P
Store and transmit genetic info in cells
Get sulfur from veggies

22. Cells Atoms Building blocks of life Made out of atoms
Larger than atoms, made of atoms
Can be broken down
Two kinds of cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
Building blocks of matter
Made out of protons, neutrons, & electrons
Smaller than cells
Cannot be broken down
Lost of different types
Form to make up everything
Make up life
Both help to create life. Cells are made of atoms

23. Cell Overview basic unit of life.
classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes
Cells
Prokaryote
Eukaryote

24. Prokaryotes Oldest cells – prob. the 1st life on Earth
Simple cells: 2 main parts
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Most: single celled organisms
Example: bacteria

25. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Oldest
Simplest
Composed of:
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Single Celled
Bacteria
Complex
Composed of:
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Organelles
Single/multicellular
Plant/animals

28. Eukaryote More advanced cells Plants & animals 4 main parts:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Organelles
Either single-celled or multicellular

29. Eukaryotes Animal cell Plant cell Examples:
Single Celled: Amoeba, Protozoan
Multicellular: Human
Examples:
Single Celled – algae
Multicellular - onion

30. Eukaryotes

31. *Centriole

32. Organelles

33. Cell (plasma) membrane
Defines the boundary of the cell
Regulates what comes in and goes out (selectively permeable)
Composed of proteins and special lipids called phospholipids
Outer side is hydrophilic
Inner side is hydrophobic
Molecules are fluid-like, not locked in place

34. Cytoplasm
The entire region of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Consists of various organelles suspended in fluid
Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that give the cells shape

35. Nucleus Houses the cell’s DNA that directs all cellular activity
DNA is attached to proteins in long fibers called chromatin
Enclosed by a membrane (nuclear membrane)
Contains nucleolus
Nucleolus makes ribosomes

36. Chromatin & Chromosomes
Most of the time, the DNA
exists as a mass of very long,
thin fibers called chromatin
The instructions in the
chromatin can be “read” so
that the cell can produce proteins.
When the cell is getting ready to divide, the chromatin condenses into compact chromosomes.
Chromosomes are easier to move, but the instructions can’t be “read” to make proteins.

37. Ribosomes Ribosomes onstruct proteins
Use instructions in the DNA to build proteins
Ribosomes are found on the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Make proteins for membranes and export outside the cell
Ribosomes are also found suspended in the cytoplasm
Make enzymes and proteins for use inside the cell

38. Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranes in the cytoplasm.
Two types: rough ER and smooth ER
Synthesize proteins (rough ER)
Proteins can be secreted by the cell, or packaged and sent out of the cell to other cells
Synthesize lipids (smooth ER)
Example: hormones

39. Golgi Bodies (Golgi Apparatus)
Takes products from the ER and modifies, stores, and routes to next destination
Enzymes in the golgi bodies refine and modify the ER products
Example: fold proteins into their final shape

40. Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccarides
Digest food to nourish the cell
Help destroy harmful bacteria
Recycle damaged organelles to make molecules available for construction of new ones.

41. Chloroplasts Photosynthetic organelles found in some plants and algae
Convert light energy from the sun to the chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic compounds

42. Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Site of cellular respiration
Releases energy from sugars and other organic molecules into an energy source the cell can use
The energy that a cell uses is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

43. Vacuoles Large membrane-bound sacs
Store undigested nutrients or chemicals
Many plants have a large central vacuole
Vacuoles in flower petals may contain pigments

44. Cell Wall Protects the plant cell and maintains its shape
Located outside the plasma membrane
only plant cells and prokaryotes have cell walls
Animal cells do not
Made of cellulose

45. Cytoskeleton A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Microtubules – straight tubes of protein that give rigidity and shape to the cell.
Organelles can move along microtubules
Microfilaments – thin solid rods of protein that slide past each other to enable the cell to change shape
Looks like an oozing movement (ex. Amoeba or white blood cells)

46. Centrioles Pair of tubular structures
Important in cell division of animal cells and protists

47. Cilia & Flagella
Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that enable some cells to move
Wave in an S-shaped motion that propels the cell
Cilia are short, hair-like structures that surround a cell
Have a back and forth motion that moves the cell
Can also be found on stationary cells in a multicellular organism
Example: the cells lining your windpipe have cilia that move mucus out of your lungs

48. Eukaryotes Animal cell Plant cell Examples:
Single Celled: Amoeba, Protozoan
Multicellular: Human
Examples:
Single Celled – algae
Multicellular - onion

49. Multicellular Organisms
Each organelle performs basically the same functions in all cell types
Organelles vary in amount and properties by cell type.
Allows cells to perform specialized functions
All cells carry on the basic activities of life
In a multicellular organism, each cell type also takes on specialized functions
A group of cells with the same specialization works together to perform a function
Tissues, organs, systems

50. Osmosis and Diffusion
Why doesn’t this work?

51. Osmosis and Diffusion
Diffusion - the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration

52. Osmosis and Diffusion Diffusion
eventually spreading out evenly into the available space reaching an equilibrium (equally spaced)

53. Osmosis and Diffusion
Several factors can affect the rate the diffusion……
One such factor is temperature
Higher temperatures tend to increase the rate of diffusion

54. Solutes- a substance dissolved in fluid
Osmosis and Diffusion
Solutes- a substance dissolved in fluid
Ex: Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction to rehydrate
This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty

55. Osmosis and Diffusion
Solvent - is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute
resulting in a solution

56. Osmosis A specialized type of diffusion Osmosis and Diffusion
is the movement of a solvent
(frequently water) through a
semi-permeable membrane

57. Osmosis
Osmosis is a type of a process where a fluid passes through a semi-permeable membrane, from a higher concentration of water to a lower concentration of water

58. Osmosis and Diffusion
Tonicity is a measure of the osmotic pressure gradient when comparing the concentration of solutes in different solutions & the following terms are used:

59. Osmosis and Diffusion
Hypotonic Solutions:
contain a higher concentration of water inside the cell (more water)
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell 

60. Osmosis and Diffusion
Hypertonic Solutions: Kids hyper I kick them out. Higher concentration of kids OUTSIDE, than INSIDE
contain a high concentration of solute (less water)
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel

61. Osmosis and Diffusion ( equal amounts of water)
Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute
( equal amounts of water)
When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate
The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic

62. Elodea Example

63. What happens when you add salt? What do you see?
Salt water added
Before Adding Salt

64. Isotonic Tonicity Hypertonic Hypotonic
We then added more distilled water
What differences do you see here?
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic

65. Review? Solute: A solute is the solid that is dissolved in a liquid.
Isotonic: the concentration of solutes outside the cell is = to the concentration of solutes inside the cell
Hypertonic: the concentration of solutes outside the cell is > inside the cell
Hypotonic: the concentration of solutes outside the cell < than concentration inside the cell

66. Why can’t we drink sea water?

67. Why can’t you drink seawater? What happens to your cells?
The seawater has a lower concentration of water than the cells because of this the water will move by osmosis out of your cells. This results in a reduction of water in your cells. That is not good for you or your cells, you need water in your cells. Remember what the salt water did in the elodea? You will drink the water and become dehydrated due to lack of water.

68. Movement Through Membranes
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport
Passive transport?
is a movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes without need of energy input
Facilitated Diffusion:
the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a cell's membrane through specific transmembrane integral protein carriers
Active Transport?
the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

69. Do organisms grow due to cells growing?
No! Organisms grow because cells keep dividing.
Cells divide to replace old and worn out cells and to help organisms grow in size.

70. MITOSIS
Larry the Lonely Cell

71. Interphase (the longest phase)
Longest active cycle,
cell grows,
DNA and chromosomes are duplicated

72. Prophase Chromosomes coil become thicker
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
Nuclear membrane breaks down

73. Metaphase (“M”-for middle)
Chromosomes line up in the middle
Spindle fibers attached at the centromere

74. Anaphase: “apart”
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends near the centriole

75. Telophase Chromosomes approach opposite ends
New nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes

76. Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis)

77. Mitosis: Makes an exact copy
I (Interphase):
Long active cycle,
cell grows,
DNA and chromosomes are duplicated
P (Prophase):
Chromosomes coil become thicker
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
M (Metaphase):
Chromosomes line up in the middle
Spindle fibers attached at the centromere
A (Anaphase)
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends near the centriole
T (Telophase):
Chromosomes approach opposite ends
New nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
C (Cytokinesis):
Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis)