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Vietnam and Watergate Vietnam War Antiwar movement Counterculture

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Presentation on theme: "Vietnam and Watergate Vietnam War Antiwar movement Counterculture"— Presentation transcript:

1 Vietnam and Watergate Vietnam War Antiwar movement Counterculture

2 Jane Fonda in North Vietnam in 1972

3 New Social Movements - Vietnam War - Watergate Chronology
1964 Free Speech movement at Berkeley Freedom Summer Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1965 Malcolm X assasinated 1966 National Organization for Women organized Black Panther Party Founded 1968 Tet offensive Martin Luther King, Jr. assasinated Democratic National Convention in Chicago Richard Nixon elected president Miss America Beauty Pageant protest 1969 Stonewall riot “Indians of All Nations” occupy Alcatraz island 1970 The Ohio National Guard kills four students at Kent State 1972 Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (not ratified by states) Break-in at the National Democratic Convention 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America 1974 President Nixon resigns The 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion (also known in Cuba as the Playa Girón after the beach in the Bay of Pigs where the landing took place) was an unsuccessful United States-planned and funded attempted invasion by armed Cuban exiles in southwest Cuba. An attempt to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro, this action accelerated a rapid deterioration in Cuban-American relations, worsened by the Cuban Missile Crisis the following year. The name Bay of Pigs comes from Bahia de Cochinos, where in all probability "Cochino" refers to a species of Triggerfish (Balistes vetula) [1], rather than pigs Sus scrofa. October 14, 1962 when U.S. reconnaissance imagery revealing Soviet nuclear missile installations on the island were shown to U.S. President John F. Kennedy and ended fourteen days later on October 28, 1962, when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the installations would be dismantled. The Cuban Missile Crisis is often regarded as the moment when the Cold War came closest to escalating into a nuclear war. Russians refer to the event as the "Caribbean Crisis," while Cubans refer to it as the "October Crisis.” The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed in August 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam conflict.[1] The Tet Offensive (January 30, June 8, 1968) was a series of operational offensives by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War. The operations are called the Tet Offensive as they were timed to begin on the night of January 30–31, 1968, Tết Nguyên Đán (the lunar new year day). The offensive began spectacularly during celebrations of the Lunar New Year and lasted about two months, although some sporadic operations associated with the offensive continued into The Tet Offensive was a tactical defeat for the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, but it inflicted severe damage on American civilian morale and contributed to the withdrawal of American forces from the country. The Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973 by the governments of North Vietnam (DRV), South Vietnam, and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented South Vietnamese revolutionaries. The intent was to establish peace in Vietnam and an end to the Vietnam War. The accords ended direct U.S. military involvement and temporarily ended the war. The negotiations that led to the accord began in 1968 and were subject to various lengthy delays. The main negotiators of the agreement were United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese representative Le Duc Tho; the two men were awarded the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts, although Le Duc refused to accept it.

4 Vietnam War map

5 Eddie Adams's Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executing Nguyễn Văn Lém, a Viet Cong officer, 1968 General Nguyen Ngoc Loan Executing a Viet Cong Prisoner in Saigon is a photograph taken by Eddie Adams on February 1, 1968 showing South Vietnamese National Police Chief Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executing a Viet Cong officer in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. The event was also captured by NBC News film cameras, but Adams' photograph remains the defining image.

6 My Lai massacre photographs published in 1969
The My Lai Massacre (pronounced mee-lye) (Vietnamese: thảm sát Mỹ Lai) was the massacre of hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children, by U.S. soldiers on March 16, 1968, in the hamlet of My Lai, during the Vietnam War. It prompted widespread outrage around the world and reduced American support at home for the war in Vietnam. The massacre is also known as the Son My Massacre (Vietnamese: thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) or sometimes as the Song My Massacre.[1] in a 1969 telephone conversation between United States National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, revealed recently by the National Security Archive, the photos of the war crime were too shocking for senior officials to stage an effective cover-up. Secretary of Defense Laird is heard to say, "There are so many kids just lying there; these pictures are authentic."

7 US Soldier’s testimony, Dellums Committee Hearings on War Crimes in Vietnam
BARNES: I think that most of the high cmnd knew about the things that were happening and the " reasons that they didn't say too much about it or nothing was processed through about it was that the main thing was that the object was to go into Vnam, and the object was to most of the high cmnd, it was to kill. That was the thing. To come in and - I don't mean destroy in the sense of the word which is what they did really, but if a couple of civilians got in the way, "Thats not a big matter. Thats the price of war." Thats how they considered it. If they heard of mass murders usually it was an overpass, and it didn't have too much effect, that type of thing. They didn't care about it. They didn't have no feelings for the people at all. Iraqis watch a statue of Saddam Hussein being pulled over in Baghdad (left). In 1989, Berliners celebrated on top of the wall as the East German regime fell.

8 Chicago Democratic Convention, 1968
That afternoon delegates heatedly debated Vietnam; that evening violence erupted on the streets outside. War protesters, civil-rights activists, and college students of various persuasions had descended on the city at the start of the convention. That day they whipped themselves into an almost insurrectionist frenzy, and were then brutalized by National Guardsmen and the Chicago police, acting under Mayor Daley's direction. At 8:05 on Wednesday night Theodore White jotted this sentence in his notebook: "The Democrats are finished." Just under four hours later Humphrey was officially nominated as the Democratic presidential candidate.

9 Kent State, May 4, 1970 - National Guard
On this day in 1970, members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on students at Kent State University protesting about the Vietnam War. Four students were killed by the National Guard, and 9 were injured. Not every student was a demonstration participant or an observer. Some students were walking to and from class. More details about this tragedy can be found at the Kent State University Archive for the 4th May Shootings.

10 John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio, a fourteen-year-old runaway, kneeling over the dead or dying body of Jeffrey Miller, shot in the mouth by an unknown Ohio National Guardsman Student Killed The Kent State shootings, also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent State massacre, occurred at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio, and involved the shooting of students by members of the Ohio National Guard on Monday, May 4, Four students were killed and nine others wounded. The students were protesting the American invasion of Cambodia which President Richard Nixon launched on April 25, and announced in a television address five days later. There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, high schools, and even elementary schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of eight million students, and the event further divided the country along political lines. John Filo's Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph of Mary Ann Vecchio, a fourteen-year-old runaway, kneeling over the dead or dying body of Jeffrey Miller, shot in the mouth by an unknown Ohio National Guardsman. The Vecchio portion of the photograph appeared on the May 18, 1970 cover of Newsweek magazine with the banner "Nixon's Home Front."

11 National security blanket

12 Not a crook Washington Post, Sunday, November 18, 1973; Page A01 Orlando, Fla, Nov Declaring that "I am not a crook," President Nixon vigorously defended his record in the Watergate case tonight and said he had never profited from his public service. "I have earned every cent. And in all of my years of public life I have never obstructed justice," Mr. Nixon said. "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."

13 Not a crook

14 Not a crook

15 President Nixon Quits, 1974


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