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Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas
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Constitutional Experiments
United states Latin America Articles of Confederation States remain independent Weak central government No ability to tax No regulation of commerce Constitution Stronger federal government Catholic Church Pre Revolution Religious monopoly Control education Post Revolution Education is secular Religious tolerance Military Military leaders gain power and prestige with revolution Ignore constitutions Dictatorships “better”
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Military Leaders “Personalist” Leaders George Washington
Relied on popularity and support of the people rather than constitutional law George Washington Revolutionary general Military reputation creates foundation for political power Andrew Jackson Battle of New Orleans (vs. British) Florida (vs. Spanish) Challenged constitutional limits on authority José Antonio Páez Venezuela Ruled as dictator
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Regionalism: Spanish America
Multistate federations = Gran Colombia Venezuela Columbia Ecuador Argentinian Viceroy Argentina Uruguay Paraguay Boliviz
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Regionalism: North America
Slavery North vs. South 1803: Louisiana Purchase Abolition Christian morals Frederick Douglas Underground Rail Road Civil War 600,000 dead Most destructive conflict in Western Hemisphere United States of America Abraham Lincoln Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis 13th Amendment Jim Crow
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War of 1812 Britain fighting Napoleon
Britain and France place trade embargoes on US Britain impresses US sailors into service Britain burns White House and Capitol Building Symbol of US weakness Fort McHenry 25 hours of bombardment by British navy Star Spangled Banner Dec 24, 1814 Treaty of Ghent Jan 8, 1815 Battle of New Orleans
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Mexico, Texas, and the US 1820s: Mexico encourages Americans to immigrate to Texas 1830: more Americans than Mexicans American settlers rebel Gain independence as sovereign state 1845: TX annexed as state War with Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Rio Grande = border Annexation of Texas California territory New Mexico Arizona California—GOLD Benito Juárez Reform of Mexico
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Spanish American War (1898)
Cuban independence from Spain USS Maine and yellow journalism Manila (Philippines) Defeat of Spanish naval fleet 7 Americans injured Ended Spanish colonial rule in Americas US becomes military super power “Empire” stretches from Philippines to Caribbean
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Justification of by governments—demonizing native peoples
Amerindians North America Latin America American Revolution White settlers encroach on Amerindian land Alliances with GB Indian Removal Act (1830) Andrew Jackson Trail of Tears Argentina/Chile Military forces native resistance to frontier settlements Mexico and Maya Caste War Justification of by governments—demonizing native peoples
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Abolition of Slavery Brazil Caribbean Slaves join army for freedom
Saint Domingue (Haiti) Jamaica/Cuba 1834: abolition in British colonies Apprenticeships
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Immigration 1500-1760 19th Century
African slaves outnumber European immigrants 19th Century Millions of Europeans and Asians immigrate to Western Hemisphere
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Immigration European Immigrants United States Latin America
Majority of immigrants : increases population by 24 million Latin America Argentina has 2x foreign born population than US Popular destination
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Responses to Immigration
Asians “Undesirable” Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) US eliminated majority of immigration Canadian Chinese head tax Italians Criminals and anarchists Jews Barred from educational institutions and professional fields Immigrants threaten well being Low wages National culture/assimilation Schools Patriotic battlegrounds Patriotic songs National flags/symbols Written national histories Ethnically based neighborhoods Acculturation Diet, music, language, etc
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Women 1848: US Seneca Falls, NY Women’s Rights Convention
Right to vote Better working conditions “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal”
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