1. CSE3002 Team Project Computer Generated Imagery
Group G
B: Vera Castillo
C: Linfei Xie
D: Tristan Pepin
E: Agnieszka Kandybowicz
View/Master/Slide Master to Edit the First slide
and Replace X with your TEAM Letter

2. CGI Images that are generated using computers
Used in all sorts of electronic devices in the form of graphical user interfaces
Also a big part of the movie and videogame industries
Is becoming increasingly more realistic and affordable as technology and rendering techniques improve

3. Prerendered versus Real-Time Graphics
Rendering: The math a computer does to create a CG image
Prerendered: Rendering a movie or image; can take many hours per frame for high quality effects.
Real-time: Rendering many frames a second for interactive systems, such as videogames or user interfaces.

4. Display History Early, input and output were both on punch cards.
Zuse Z3 in 1941: Used lights to convey information
In the 1950s, teletypes were used as I/O devices, remained popular until the 70s.
Simple early displays: Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)
Originally used as memory in computers
TVs had already used CRTs for display since the 30s
Then used in radar and vector (oscilloscope) displays
Vector images
1970s: Terminals with displays
‘Glass teletypes’
Transmitted text, no graphics
Raster displays hit the market

5. Display History (Cont.)
Raster displays also used CRTs; array of pixels.
Rose in popularity in 70s with rise of personal computers; more useful than oscilloscopes
TVs could be used as monitors, displays for game consoles. Most families already owned one!
LCD screens became popular in the 1990s
OLED displays became popular in cell phones in the 2010s
LCD, OLED also use an array of pixels

6. Computer Hardware Graphics were rendered using the RAM and CPU
They required a large amount of RAM and CPU.
Took at least 1 cycle per pixel, lg(n) bits for n- color displays. A significant chunk!
CPUs are only efficient at single stream outputs
Due to this graphics took a while to render
Adding RAM at the time was expensive
Dedicated graphics hardware took this stress off.
Video cards, and later Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)

7. Graphical User Interface
The GUI allowed users to interact with the device with graphical icons and visuals
The Xerox Alto, released in 1973, was the first computer with an OS that utilized a GUI
Minicomputer, designed to be used by one person
Bulky and quite expensive
Monochrome raster display which, used up most of Alto’s RAM
Both the Mac and Windows OSs were based on the Xerox Alto which resulted in both having a similar GUI

8. Videogames (Real-time rendering)
Introduction of displays lead to videogame boom
Demand for graphical power drove hardware markets, lead to creation of dedicated hardware
1970s: Arcades used custom-built embedded hardware for specific games, while game consoles had to be more general-purpose
1988: Namco System 21 first game system with 3D graphics
Led to modern GPUs

9. Graphics Processing Units
Specialized processing units for graphics
Became popular in late 90s, early 2000s
Comprised of many simple processing cores
Graphics processing is massively parallel
GPUs became popularly used in scientific computing due to parallelizable nature of many problems.
Matrix multiplication is an example: Data parallel and throughput intensive
Lead to creation of General-Purpose GPUs (GPGPU) specifically for science.
Other specialized PUs created
Physics processing unit; fell out of use
Vision, Tensor, Neural PUs: All new, emerging

10. Other Film technologies:
Artificial Intelligence:
Useful for scene modeling
AI can be used for advanced, faster rendering
AI digital actors and creatures can move intellectually on their own
Motion Capture:
Record movements of objects, people, map to CGI animation
Used in both movies and games
Optical tracking to record markers
Non-optical tracking records inertia

11. Virtual Reality
The improvements in CGI open up the door for realistic virtual reality
VR can be used to
Create realistic, fully immersive environments
Create simulations for training versus more costly methods
Provide certain types of therapy
Enhance videogame experience through realistic environment
Other entertainment purposes
Oculus Rift, Playstation VR, HTC Vive

12. Prerendered CGI - 1960s and 1970s
A Two Gyro Gravity Gradient Attitude Control System
Bell Labs, 1963, on punch cards. Printed onto microfilm.
A Computer Animated Hand
1972, Edwin Catmull, Fred Parke
clip used in Futureworld film
Faces & Body Parts
1974, Fred Parke
animated 3D faces
youtu.be./RocLdMyUG-4
youtu.be/T5seU-5U0ms
youtu.be/SPMFhcC4SvQ

13. Image Editing Software
Edit images and models for rendering
3D and 2D modeling and editing in real time
Three types of editing software
Raster graphics editors
Photoshop, GIMP, Adobe Lightroom, ArtRage
Vector image editors
Work on continuous mathematical models rather than pixels
Fonts, AutoCAD, Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape
3D graphics suites
Blender, Google SketchUp, Maya, 3dsMax
Used to create 3D models, apply textures and materials, animate them in a scene, and render the animations.

14. Early Software examples
SKETCHPAD
Written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963
First software to utilize a GUI
Widely influential in early CAD programs
SuperPaint
Developed by Richard Shoup at Xerox PARC in 1973
Worked on a custom computer system, became useful for image editing
Very influential in common picture editors today

15. CGI in Movies Rendez-vous in Montreal in 1987, a 3D CGI film
Featured virtual actors like Marilyn Monroe in order to show that completely CGI actors can be created and used in a film
By Nadia and Daniel Thalman
The Crow in 1994 featured the first deceased actor, Brandon Lee, to be resurrected through CGI
In 2016, Rogue One used CGI to recreate a dead actor and to create a younger version of another actor to match the in-movie timeline

16. Biography- Nadia M Thalmann
Bachelors, Masters, and PhD at the University of Geneva in the fields of mathematics and science
Works on virtual humans and their applications in various fields from medical to fashion
Considers the Japanese to be more accepting of her work
Established MIRALab
Director of Institute for Media Innovation in Singapore at Nanyang Technical University
Editor-in-Chief of The Visual Computer Journal
Loves fashion and clothing

17. Achievements- Nadia M Thalmann
1972: Her first CG film, Dreamflight with Daniel Thalmann
1987: Rendez-vous in Montreal with Daniel Thalmann
Featured first virtual actors, Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart; was criticized on legal and moral grounds.
Won Woman of the Year for this film
Humdolt Research Award
2012: Career Achievement Award from Canadian Computer Communications Society along with Daniel Thalmann

18. Biography- Daniel Thalmann
Master’s and PhD at University of Geneva in science
Professor at University of Montreal ( ),
Professor at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (1988 – 2011)
Established VR lab that was active to 2011.
Currently active in Institute for Media Innovation in Singapore at Nanyang Technological University.
Late 1990s- presented large real-time crowd simulations; sparked research interest in this area
Coined the term Virtual Rehabilitation
Considers VR to be nothing new, far from perfect

19. Biography- Dennis Muren
At a young age had a passion for filmmaking and special effects, citing movies such as War of the Worlds as his inspiration
After college, got a job at ILM in as a visual effects artist
During his time in college, made a film called Equinox that was panned by critics, later became cult classic
Associated with the Star Wars prequels
Didn’t want to since he didn’t find it “as much Star Wars as the original ones.”

20. Achievements- Dennis Muren
A key player in pushing ILM towards using computer graphics for special effects in films, beginning with his involvement in Terminator 2: Judgement Day, and Jurassic Park
First visual effects artist to have a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame (1999)
8 Academy Award wins and an additional Special Achievement Award; currently holds highest number of Oscars owned by a person still alive

21. Biography- Andy Serkis
Landed the role of Gollum in the Lord of the Rings trilogy in 1999
Considered the “king of motion capture”
Ceasar (Rise of the Planet of the Apes 2011)
King Kong (King Kong 2005)
Gollum (The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey)
2011: Founded The Imaginarium Studios with Jonathan Cavendish, which specializes in performance capture technology.
“Actors often ask that question, ‘Are we going to be replaced by digital characters?’ I think this is all part of the bigger debate about the notion of what performance capture really is all about. For me, I’ve never drawn a distinction between live-action acting and performance- capture acting.”

22. Influence on Traditional Entertainment Industry
New entertainment technology:
CGI in film
CGI actors
CGI animation
CGI use in Video Games
Virtual Reality
3D holographic images
How is advancing technology changing
the entertainment industry?

23. In fact, we have witnessed the CGI Technology change in the animation industry
Compared to live-action movies, animation is a bit different. Advanced technology adds to the variety in entertainment, but isn’t entirely replacing traditional animation.
Hand-painted and technical drawings have their own advantages, but technology is more common. The beauty of traditional painting can not be replaced.
Now most of the animation will more or less make use of computer graphics software.
Hand-painted technology is rarely used nowadays.
Although technology-assisted animation is popular,
Hayao Miyazaki is an exception. His work team insists on hand-painted animation, and his works are well known.

24. Computer Graphic Technology and its application
CGI, 3D technology, and holograms can fully meet the visual expectations of the audience.
If the CGI characters are combined with artificial intelligence, we may one day replace real-life actors.
“As our repository of actors' expressions and movements increases, it is likely that we will be able to construct characters purely out of our stored database.” Jeff Bridges
“One of the best performances in Rogue One is by an actor who died in 1994”

25. Simone (a 2002 American science-fiction satire film involving a digital actor)
What will happen if CGI is good enough to replace real actors. Instead of just copying a real actor, a technical team could just create new one. We can have a CGI actor that can be as real as a human. Moreover, it can be more perfect than a human.
The problem posed by this prediction may not only be the unemployment of actors: Do CGI actors performances hold the same artistic merit as real-life actors performances?
There is a good side and a bad side.
Will it destroy film art? Or is it just an evolution of art?

26. Copyright issue: Do the CGI humans constitute a work?
If it can constitute a work, what kind of work should it be classified as?
Some people believe that, because this kind of performance is created by technical team, it should be the intellectual property of the team.
However, it is also just copy of the actor. Should the copyright belong to the actor?
If the actor already died, who will own the right?

27. Audrey Hepburn Resurrected in New TV Commercial - Creepy or Cool?
1. Bring her back using amazing technology.
2. Her family signed the contract
3. This is the same as the publication of a dead writer's work.
Creepy?
1. Would the actor agree? Would Audrey Hepburn really want her image to be used in that way?

28. The disappearance of art and humanism
With the development of CGI technology, soon everyone will be able to recreate a celebrity by CGI or other techniques. It will be very hard to protect an actor's right. Imagine that anyone can make this star do whatever he or she wants to see.
Will an actor be replaced by his or her own CGI simulation?
The CGI can be “perfect”, but without real soul.

29. Real-life Actors vs CGI Actors
Arguments for Real-Life Actors:
A new technology does not necessarily replace the traditional actor. If an actor is very talented and his acting is very characteristic. A CGI actor cannot replace a real-life actor.
We can’t recreate actors, because it’s unethical. If he or she is dead, we would never know if he or she is willing to do this. We can only do this after get the agreement from him or her.
Arguments for CGI Actors:
Yes, an actor can be replaced. The only thing we need are data of expression and emotion.
We can recreate a star using CGI or other technology. If it is for commercial usage then just pay money to them.
It doesn't matter the actor is real or not real.

30. Ethical Issues caused by “TOO REAL”
This actually raises a big ethical issue about CGI technology. If people can’t separate real and fake, what bad things will happen?
Fake viral videos, fake products, etc.
How could non-realistic CGI can be used to influence a jury in a court case? (What if the graphic is convincing but based on flawed forensic evidence?)
A philosophy topic is the “pleasure machine”, which we have all heard about from our philosophy course. You can be connected to this machine, and feel all the pleasure you want. Will you just abandon real life and live in that machine forever? Would you be able to tell the difference between the fake pleasure and the real pleasure?

31. Best or worst
All the graphic technology is trying to “cheat” our eyes by creating realistic computer-generated images.
If CGI technology could digitally create a perfect world, will people just abandon the real life, like with the pleasure machine?
Is it to make our lives richer or more monotonous? We seems to have lots of things to do: CGI films, fancy games, and other 3D technologies like holograms. But are we actually just addicted to these images, these bunches of digital numbers without a soul?

32. Conclusion
CGI has a rich history within computing, with relevance in fields outside of entertainment.
The future of CGI includes VR therapy, experimental displays, and has strong ties to emerging classes of specialized processing units.
CGI has a number of social, legal, and ethical issues to be concerned with, particularly as fully-realistic CGI becomes more accessible and creatable.
Only in recent years have we been able to digitally create humans that appear truly realistic.
The courts of law, culture, and ethics have yet to answer: Is it alright to use the likeness of a dead actor in film?