1. Water and Aquatic Systems
Chapters
11 and 7

2. The Water Cycle
Evaporation,
Condensation,
Precipitation

3. Renewable Resource
Water is a renewable resource because it is cycled between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere.

4. The Oceans
Important because almost all Earth’s water is in the oceans.
Global water
distribution.
Salt water 97%
Fresh water 3%
Ice caps and glaciers 77%
Ground 22%
Other fresh 1%

5. Surface Water Fresh water on Earth’s surface.
Lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, ground, ponds.
Streams form rivers, rivers form river systems.

6. Watersheds
Area of land drained by a river.

7. Ground Water Fresh water available for human consumption.
Water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations.

8. Aquifers Underground formation containing ground water.
Ogallala=10-40% more water out than can be replaced.

9. Recharge Zone
The area of the Earth where water percolates down to refill an aquifer.

10. 11.2- Water Use and Management

11. Water Shortages
Shortage of clean, fresh water is one of the world’s most pressing environmental problems.
More than 1 billion people lack access to a clean, reliable source.

12. Major Uses of Water Residential~ 10% in North America. Agricultural~
48%
Industrial~39%

13. Water Treatment
Potable (safe to drink)- water treatment removes mercury, arsenic, and lead as well as pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms.

14. Industrial Use
Highest % of industrial water usage occurs in N. America and Europe.

15. Water Management Projects can have various goals.
Make dry area habitable.
Creating a reservoir for recreation or drinking.
Generating electric power.

16. Conservation
Methods for home (table 2 page 282), agriculture (page 281) and industry (page 281).
Conservation will ensure that there is enough water for all!! At a reasonable price!!!

17. 11.3- Water Pollution

18. Water Pollution
The introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on it.

19. Point-Source Pollution
Pollution discharged from a single source.
ie: Water runoff from city or suburban streets containing oil, gasoline, animal feces, and litter.

20. Non-point Source
Comes from many different sources which are often difficult to identify.
A river polluted from many land runoffs.

21. Principle Water Pollutants
Pathogens
Organic matter
Organic chemicals
Inorganic chemicals
Heavy metals
Physical agents

22. Waste Water Water that contains waste from home or industry.
Water that goes down your drain.

23. Sewage Sludge The solid waste left after water has been treated.
Expensive to dispose of.
Must be disposed of properly.

24. Eutrophication
Natural or artificial- excess nutrients in a body of water.
Causes excess plants, depletion of O2, algal blooms, etc.

25. Eutrophication

26. Thermal Pollution Temperature of a body of water increases.
When power plants use water in their cooling system and then discharge it in to lakes and rivers.

27. Biomagnification
The amount of pollution stored at each level in a food chain increases at each successive level.

29. Aquatic Ecosystems
Lesson 7.1

30. Fresh Water Lakes Rivers Ponds Streams
Wetland- land that is periodically under water.

31. Marine Ecosystems Marshes (fresh or salt) Swamps (fresh or salt)
Coral reefs (salt)
Oceans (salt)

32. Water Organisms
Factors that determine which organisms live in which areas of the water:
Temperature, sunlight, oxygen, and nutrients.

33. Aquatic Ecosystems
Three groups of organisms depending on their location and adaptations.
Plankton, nekton, and benthos.

34. Plankton Organisms that float near the surface of the water.
Phytoplankton- microscopic plant…provide most of the food for an aquatic system.
Zooplankton- microscopic animals

35. Nekton
Free swimming organisms.
Fish, turtles, and whales

36. Benthos
Bottom dwelling organisms.
Mussels, worms, barnacles.

37. Lake Zones
Littoral zone- upper part of lake where photosynthesis can occur.Aquatic life is diverse and abundant.
Benthic Zone- lower part. Inhabited by decomposers, insect larvae, and clams.

38. Freshwater Wetlands Marsh-contain non woody plants such a cattails.
Swamps- dominated by woody plants such as trees and shrubs.

39. Human Impact Humans once thought of wetlands as wastelands.
Filled in, drained, and cleared for farms or residential/commercial use.

40. 7.2-
Marine Ecosystems

41. The Marine Ecosystem
Located in coastal areas-Organisms adapt to changes in water level and salinity.
Located in open ocean-Organisms adapt to temperature changes, and amount of sunlight and nutrients available.

42. Coastal Wetlands Provide habitat and nesting areas
Absorb excess rain, prevent flooding
Filter pollutants
Provide recreational areas for swimming, boating, fishing, hunting.

43. Estuaries Fresh water from river meets salt water from ocean.
Nutrient trap due to the way the waters mix.
Home for many major ports.

44. Ports Estuaries are… Protected by harbors. Access spots to oceans.
And connection to rivers.
Of the 10 largest urban areas, 6 were built on Estuaries…NY, Tokyo, Shanghai, Buenos Aires, Rio De Janeiro, Bombay.

45. Threats to Estuaries Waste dumps
In highly populated areas waste filled estuaries were used as building sites.
California has plans to return some estuaries back to normal.

46. Salt Marshes
Develop in estuaries and provide homes and protection for wildlife.

47. Mangrove Swamps
Swamps located along coastlines that are dominated by mangrove trees. Protected from erosion.

48. Rocky vs. Sandy
Rocky shorelines have more plant and animal species because they provide anchorage for seaweed and the animals that live on them.

49. Coral Reefs Limestone ridges built by tiny coral animals.
Thousands of species of plants and animals live in the cracks and crevices in the reefs.
Only shallow, clear, salt water.

50. Coral Reefs An estimated 27% of reefs are being destroyed by humans.
Variances in their environment can destroy them…too hot, cold, too much fresh water, too muddy, polluted, or too high in nutrients.

51. Oceans Sunlight penetrates down to 100m.
Home for the greater majority of wildlife.
Open ocean is one of the least productive of all ecosystems.

52. Ocean Threats Runoff of fertilizers Sewage discharge Over fishing
Certain fishing methods