1. Protein Synthesis Part 1: Transcription DNA to RNA

2. RNA Nucleic acid like DNA Polymer like DNA
Monomers are called nucleotides like DNA
Smaller than DNA (shorter & single stranded)

3. What is RNA made of? Like DNA, each nucleotide consists of 3 subunits
1) Phosphate
2) Sugar = RIBOSE (instead of the deoxyribose in DNA)
3) One of four bases

4. Ribonucleotide Bases A, C, G U instead of T BASES: C pairs with G
A pairs with U
U = Uracil (it replaces T)

5. Transcription 1st part of Protein Synthesis
cell creates mRNA to carry information
from DNA in nucleus
to ribosome in cytoplasm
DNA is too large to get out of nucleus
needs RNA to carry the message with instructions!

6. Transcription, cont
Transcription is the step during which a complementary mRNA strand is made from a specific region of the DNA molecule.

7. Transcription, cont
An enzyme causes part of the DNA molecule to unwind/separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

8. Transcription, cont DNA mRNA
The exposed DNA bases attract their complementary RNA bases (thus the DNA acts as a template):
mRNA
DNA

9. Transcription, cont
The enzyme helps the joining of nucleotides to form a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA).
The enzyme leaves the DNA, and DNA closes to reform its double helix.

10. Transcription Ends
mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane.
Transcription ends.
Translation is next.

11. Central Dogma A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein.
DNA is transcribed into mRNA
mRNA is translated to protein (to be described next!)