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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System Part 1
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Lymphatic System consists of: lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic tissue, spleen, thymus gland Lymphatic System works with Circulatory System to remove wastes and excess fluids from the tissues
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Application: Read pgs 189-190 Define: Lymph Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries Lacteals Lymph nodes
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Lymph – thin, watery fluid made of interstitial fluid formed by plasma diffusing into tissue spaces
Composed of water, digested nutrients, salts, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lymphocytes, metabolic wastes
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Lymphatic vessels – located throughout body in almost all tissues which contain blood vessels
Transports the excess tissue fluid back into the circulatory system
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Lymphatic capillaries – small, open ended capillaries which pick up lymph at tissues throughout body
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Lacteals – specialized lymphatic capillaries located in small intestine
Pick up digested fats and lipids Chyle – formed when lymph and lipids mix Lacteals transport chyle to bloodstream through the thoracic duct
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Lymph nodes Lymph nodes – also called glands
Small, round or oval masses located all over body in groups or clusters Range from size of a pinhead to an almond Lymph vessels bring lymph to nodes Nodes filter lymph and remove impurities Produces lymphocytes (type of leukocytes) and antibodies (substances used to fight infection)
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Lymph nodes lymphatic vessels
join together to form larger lymphatic vessels drain into one of two lymphatic ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct Thoracic Duct
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Right Lymphatic Duct Short tube receives all purified lymph from right side of head and neck, right chest, right arm Empties in right subclavian vein, returning purified lymph in blood
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Thoracic Duct – much larger tube
Drains lymph from rest of body Empties in left subclavian vein, returning purified lymph to blood
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Cisterna chyli – storage area for purified lymph before lymph returns to bloodstream
Also receives chyle from interstitial lacteals in small intestine
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Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus Also example of lymphatic tissue
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Tonsils – masses of lymphatic tissue which filter interstitial fluid
3 pairs of tonsils: Palatine tonsils – located on each side of soft palate Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) – located in nasopharynx Lingual tonsils – located on back of tongue
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Palatine tonsils
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Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
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Lingual tonsils
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Uvula removal surgery
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Spleen Spleen – organ located beneath the left side of diaphragm and in back of upper part of stomach Produces leukocytes and antibodies Destroys old RBC Stores excessive RBC’s (hemoglobin) if excessive bleeding occurs Destroys thrombocytes (platelets) Filters waste
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Spleen
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Thymus Mass of lymph tissue located in center of upper chest
produces antibodies and manufactures lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes are produced and mature here to fight infection
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Diseases of the Lymphatic System
Adenitis Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Lymphangitis Splenomegaly Tonsillitis
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Adenitits Inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes
Occurs when large quantities of pathogens or cancer cells enter lymph nodes and infect tissue Lymphadenopathy – swollen lymph nodes Sx: fever, painful and swollen lymph nodes Abscess may form in node if untreated Tx: antibiotics and warm, moist compresses, incision and drainage of nodes
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Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Chronic, malignant disease of lymph nodes
Most common form of lymphoma (tumor of lymph tissue) Sx: painful, swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue and pruritis (itching) Tx: depends on stage - chemotherapy and radiation therapy Prognosis good – majority of cases can be cured
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Lymphangitis Inflammation of lymphatic vessels, usually as a result of pathogenic organism entering lymph vessel though a skin wound, or a complication from an infection elsewhere. Sx: Causes red streaks up and down arms and legs, fever, chills, tenderness, pain Tx: antibiotics, rest, elevation of affected body part, warm, moist compresses, sometimes surgery
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Splenomegaly Megaly - enlargement Enlarged spleen
Caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection Caused by diseases such as cirrhosis, lymphoma, AIDS, splenic vein thrombosis Sx: swelling, abdominal pain
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Splenomegaly (cont’d)
Fxn’s of spleen: produces leukocytes, destroys old RBC’s, stores RBC’s, destroys thrombocytes (platelets) Can lead to anemia (low RBC) , leukopenia (low WBC) , thrombocytopenia (low platelet) If spleen ruptures can lead to intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock – resulting in death Splenectomy – (ectomy – surgical removal of)
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Tonsillitis Inflammation or infection of tonsils
Usually caused by viral infections Usually involves pharyngeal (adenoids) tonsils and palatine tonsils Sx: sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), fever, white or yellow spots on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes near mandible Tx: antibiotics, analgesics, warm throat irrigations Chronic, frequent infections – hypertrophy (enlargement) causes obstruction- tonsillectomy
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tonsillectomy surgery
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Epstein-Barr Virus Also known as infectious mononucleosis
Frequently occurs in young adults and children Spread by oral contact Sx: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue Increased leukocytes Tx: symptomatic, bed rest
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Immunity 2 types of immunity: natural immunity and acquired immunity
Natural immunity: immunity you were born with Acquired immunity: reaction that occurs as a result of pathogens – developed over a person’s lifetime – may be passive or active
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Natural Immunity Born with it/inherited Anatomical features such as intact skin, mucous, tears, blood phagocytes Lasts a lifetime
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Acquired Immunity Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to pathogens Passive acquired immunity – borrow immunity Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies from the blood of other individual’s or animals into a person’s body to protect him from a specific disease. Immediate effect
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Used when pt exposed to measles, tetanus, and infectious hepatitis
Babies have temporary passive immunity from mother’s antibodies Antibodies pass through placenta to enter babies blood Breast milk
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Active Acquired Immunity
Preferable to passive immunity because it lasts longer May not last a lifetime but does last a long time 2 types: natural acquired immunity and artificial acquired immunity Natural acquired immunity: results from having had a disease Artificial acquired immunity: vaccines
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Application: Read Body Structures and Functions: pgs. 305-306
Compare and contrast the difference bw Natural Acquired Immunity and Artificial Acquired Immunity
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Immunization Process of increasing a person’s resistance to an infection by artificial means Weakened forms of infection (antigens) stimulates the body to produce antibodies Ex of antigens – toxins produced by bacterias, dead or weakened viruses
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Immunoglobulin A protein that functions specifically as an antibody
5 classes of immunoglobin: IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE Refer to BS&F pg 304 for detailed explanation of immunogloulins
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Autoimmunity When pts own immune system targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body This is known as an autoimmune disorder Ex: lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, etc
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Lupus Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus Sx: fatigue, rash (butterfly rash across face), joint pain. In severe cases, lupus damages kidneys, brain, blood, lungs Tx: anti-inflammatory meds
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Scleroderma Disease that results in thickening of skin and blood vessels Sx: Raynaud’s syndrome – spasm of blood vessels of fingers and toes causing increased sensitivity of fingers and toes to the cold, changes in skin color, pain, and occasionally ulcers of fingers and toes Can result in loss of movement
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Allergen Causes an allergic response stimulated by antibody formation
Ex: ragweed, pollen, molds, dust, foods, etc Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock: severe and sometimes fatal allergic reaction
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Application: Read Body Structures and Functions pgs 314-317 AIDS/HIV
Complete Case Study on pg 320: 1-6
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