1. Lymphatic System

2. Lymphatic System Part 1

3. Lymphatic System consists of: lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic tissue, spleen, thymus gland
Lymphatic System works with Circulatory System to remove wastes and excess fluids from the tissues

5. Application: Read pgs 189-190 Define: Lymph Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries
Lacteals
Lymph nodes

6. Lymph – thin, watery fluid made of interstitial fluid formed by plasma diffusing into tissue spaces
Composed of water, digested nutrients, salts, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, lymphocytes, metabolic wastes

7. Lymphatic vessels – located throughout body in almost all tissues which contain blood vessels
Transports the excess tissue fluid back into the circulatory system

8. Lymphatic capillaries – small, open ended capillaries which pick up lymph at tissues throughout body

9. Lacteals – specialized lymphatic capillaries located in small intestine
Pick up digested fats and lipids
Chyle – formed when lymph and lipids mix
Lacteals transport chyle to bloodstream through the thoracic duct

10. Lymph nodes Lymph nodes – also called glands
Small, round or oval masses located all over body in groups or clusters
Range from size of a pinhead to an almond
Lymph vessels bring lymph to nodes
Nodes filter lymph and remove impurities
Produces lymphocytes (type of leukocytes) and antibodies (substances used to fight infection)

11. Lymph nodes lymphatic vessels
join together to form larger lymphatic vessels
drain into one of two lymphatic ducts:
Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct

12. Right Lymphatic Duct
Short tube receives all purified lymph from right side of head and neck, right chest, right arm
Empties in right subclavian vein, returning purified lymph in blood

13. Thoracic Duct – much larger tube
Drains lymph from rest of body
Empties in left subclavian vein, returning purified lymph to blood

14. Cisterna chyli – storage area for purified lymph before lymph returns to bloodstream
Also receives chyle from interstitial lacteals in small intestine

15. Tonsils, Spleen, Thymus
Also example of lymphatic tissue

16. Tonsils – masses of lymphatic tissue which filter interstitial fluid
3 pairs of tonsils:
Palatine tonsils – located on each side of soft palate
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) – located in nasopharynx
Lingual tonsils – located on back of tongue

17. Palatine tonsils

18. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

19. Lingual tonsils

20. Uvula removal surgery

21. Spleen
Spleen – organ located beneath the left side of diaphragm and in back of upper part of stomach
Produces leukocytes and antibodies
Destroys old RBC
Stores excessive RBC’s (hemoglobin) if excessive bleeding occurs
Destroys thrombocytes (platelets)
Filters waste

22. Spleen

23. Thymus Mass of lymph tissue located in center of upper chest
produces antibodies and manufactures lymphocytes.
T-lymphocytes are produced and mature here to fight infection

24. Diseases of the Lymphatic System
Adenitis
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Lymphangitis
Splenomegaly
Tonsillitis

25. Adenitits Inflammation or infection of the lymph nodes
Occurs when large quantities of pathogens or cancer cells enter lymph nodes and infect tissue
Lymphadenopathy – swollen lymph nodes
Sx: fever, painful and swollen lymph nodes
Abscess may form in node if untreated
Tx: antibiotics and warm, moist compresses, incision and drainage of nodes

28. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Chronic, malignant disease of lymph nodes
Most common form of lymphoma (tumor of lymph tissue)
Sx: painful, swelling of the lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue and pruritis (itching)
Tx: depends on stage - chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Prognosis good – majority of cases can be cured

29. Lymphangitis
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels, usually as a result of pathogenic organism entering lymph vessel though a skin wound, or a complication from an infection elsewhere.
Sx: Causes red streaks up and down arms and legs, fever, chills, tenderness, pain
Tx: antibiotics, rest, elevation of affected body part, warm, moist compresses, sometimes surgery

31. Splenomegaly Megaly - enlargement Enlarged spleen
Caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection
Caused by diseases such as cirrhosis, lymphoma, AIDS, splenic vein thrombosis
Sx: swelling, abdominal pain

32. Splenomegaly (cont’d)
Fxn’s of spleen: produces leukocytes, destroys old RBC’s, stores RBC’s, destroys thrombocytes (platelets)
Can lead to anemia (low RBC) , leukopenia (low WBC) , thrombocytopenia (low platelet)
If spleen ruptures can lead to intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock – resulting in death
Splenectomy – (ectomy – surgical removal of)

35. Tonsillitis Inflammation or infection of tonsils
Usually caused by viral infections
Usually involves pharyngeal (adenoids) tonsils and palatine tonsils
Sx: sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), fever, white or yellow spots on tonsils, swollen lymph nodes near mandible
Tx: antibiotics, analgesics, warm throat irrigations
Chronic, frequent infections – hypertrophy (enlargement) causes obstruction- tonsillectomy

36. tonsillectomy surgery

37. Epstein-Barr Virus Also known as infectious mononucleosis
Frequently occurs in young adults and children
Spread by oral contact
Sx: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue
Increased leukocytes
Tx: symptomatic, bed rest

38. Immunity 2 types of immunity: natural immunity and acquired immunity
Natural immunity: immunity you were born with
Acquired immunity: reaction that occurs as a result of pathogens – developed over a person’s lifetime – may be passive or active

39. Natural Immunity
Born with it/inherited Anatomical features such as intact skin, mucous, tears, blood phagocytes Lasts a lifetime

40. Acquired Immunity
Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to pathogens
Passive acquired immunity – borrow immunity
Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies from the blood of other individual’s or animals into a person’s body to protect him from a specific disease.
Immediate effect

41. Used when pt exposed to measles, tetanus, and infectious hepatitis
Babies have temporary passive immunity from mother’s antibodies
Antibodies pass through placenta to enter babies blood
Breast milk

42. Active Acquired Immunity
Preferable to passive immunity because it lasts longer
May not last a lifetime but does last a long time
2 types: natural acquired immunity and artificial acquired immunity
Natural acquired immunity: results from having had a disease
Artificial acquired immunity: vaccines

43. Application: Read Body Structures and Functions: pgs. 305-306
Compare and contrast the difference bw Natural Acquired Immunity and Artificial Acquired Immunity

44. Immunization
Process of increasing a person’s resistance to an infection by artificial means
Weakened forms of infection (antigens) stimulates the body to produce antibodies
Ex of antigens – toxins produced by bacterias, dead or weakened viruses

45. Immunoglobulin A protein that functions specifically as an antibody
5 classes of immunoglobin:
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
Refer to BS&F pg 304 for detailed explanation of immunogloulins

46. Autoimmunity
When pts own immune system targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body
This is known as an autoimmune disorder
Ex: lupus, scleroderma, psoriasis, etc

47. Lupus Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus
Sx: fatigue, rash (butterfly rash across face), joint pain. In severe cases, lupus damages kidneys, brain, blood, lungs
Tx: anti-inflammatory meds

49. Scleroderma
Disease that results in thickening of skin and blood vessels
Sx: Raynaud’s syndrome – spasm of blood vessels of fingers and toes causing increased sensitivity of fingers and toes to the cold, changes in skin color, pain, and occasionally ulcers of fingers and toes
Can result in loss of movement

51. Allergen Causes an allergic response stimulated by antibody formation
Ex: ragweed, pollen, molds, dust, foods, etc
Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock: severe and sometimes fatal allergic reaction

52. Application: Read Body Structures and Functions pgs 314-317 AIDS/HIV
Complete Case Study on pg 320: 1-6