1. How do we detect PEDs?

2. Drug Testing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQ5PvAbzpXQ Urine sample
Blood sample
Detection of drug metabolites

3. The Excretory System

4. Urine is excreted from bladder via the urethra (from bladder out of body)

5. The Excretory System To eliminate unwanted substances from the body
CO2 from lungs
Urea from kidneys
Urea from liver
Heat from the skin
Usually you think of urinary system but it also includes breathing and sweating

6. Urea Key metabolite in animal urine
Its laboratory synthesis was a key milestone in the development of the field of chemistry
Urine + straw was used to produce KNO3 (saltpeter) to make gunpowder

7. Excretion
These unwanted substances are the by-products of metabolism (cells produce energy from nutrients) and are toxic to keep in the body.
Toxic amount varies
Also called metabolites
Excretion is needed in order to achieve homeostasis: the balance of everything in the body

8. The Organs of the Excretory System
Lungs
Kidney
Liver
Skin

9. Lungs

10. Liver
responsible for detoxifying and breaking down toxins (chemicals and poisons that enter our bodies)
E.g. antifreeze poisoning
converts ammonia (from the breakdown of amino acids found in proteins) to urea, which is excreted in urine.

11. Liver Links to Digestion and Circulation:
Produces bile: stored in the gallbladder, small intestine uses bile to break down acidic waste (ammonia, fats, ethanol) by converting into less harmless waste (emulsification)
Maintains glucose levels in the blood: using the blood’s insulin levels, the liver regulates how much glucose should be in the blood
Along with the pancreas

12. Effects of Alcohol https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4IIFfguf1U
Alcohol interferes with the functions of the liver and can cause an inflammation of the liver’s cells – this leads to a buildup of fat in the liver
Oxidative Stress: this is when the liver is working too hard to break down the alcohol and results in cellular damage and scar tissue
Toxins from gut bacteria: if alcohol damages the intestines, the resulting toxins will enter the liver and can cause damage and scar tissue

14. Kidney Each kidney contains one million nephrons.
Nephrons filter the blood
Wastes (urea, uric acid) and excess substances (e.g. sugar, salts) are removed from blood and excreted into the ureters (tubes from kidney to bladder)

15. Kidney
Return purified blood to the renal vein (vein from kidney to heart)
This regulates the water and mineral content of the blood

16. Bladder Urine is collected in the bladder, resembles an expandable bag
Urine is excreted from bladder via the urethra (from bladder out of body)

18. Components of Urine 95% of urine is water
5% is solutes (chemicals dissolved in water e.g. urea, uric acid, salts, etc.)
Phosphorous:

19. Urine Should Be:

20. Urine Should Be:
Clear to dark amber in colour depending on hydration of the body. Unusual colours can indicate different problems.
Usually odourless (except after certain foods e.g. asparagus, pineapple)
Clear. Turbid (cloudy) urine can be due to infections or crystals
Neutral. A pH of around 7.
1-2 L a day
Have a specific gravity or a density of to g/ml

21. Urine Testing – Potential Lab Exam Topic
Proteinuria- the protein albumin, in urine can occur if the kidneys or blood vessels are damaged. This can be caused by infection, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease.
Diabetes- glucose in urine can be caused when the body does not produce enough insulin and the excess blood sugar is excreted
Hyperuricosuria- too much uric acid in urine would produce a pH less than 7. This could be a sign of gout, or kidney stones.

22. Why are you cold when you get out of the pool in the summer?

23. Skin

24. Skin Excretion Heat regulation:
Dilated (increase in diameter) blood vessels increase blood flow to surface and excrete heat (e.g. flushed face when hot)
Constricted (decrease in diameter) vessels reduce blood flow and conserve heat (e.g. bluish lips when cold)
Excreted sweat contains a small amount of urea
sweating is a secondary function to temperature regulation