Georgetown University

Georgetown University
Brave New World: DOD & Commercial Satellites Systems & Emerging Defense Information & C-2 Requirements Dr. Joseph N. Pelton Director, Space & Advanced Communications Research Institute, George Washington University Georgetown University October, 2005

Human Scale in the Age of Ultra-Fast Information Society
Arthur C. Clarke put things in perspective when he referred to humans as: “Carbon-based, bi-peds who process information at 64 kilobits/second” People don’t really process all that much data. For instance, a “TIUPIL” is a “Typical Information Use Per Individual Lifetime” or “only”10 Gigabytes. (This is based on a human that lives to be 70 years old and reads and speaks 27,000 words a day.) The Level 3 Corp. now has a back-bone fiber optic cable that operates at 3.2 terabits a second or about 3.5 million TIUPILs a day!!! In short the advanced communications systems are not driven by human speech but by imaging machine-to-machine interconnect and high speed data. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID
9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Building of Human Historical Development (10,000 stories or twenty miles high)
Computers, Robotics, Satellites, TVs (10 inches from ceiling) Renaissance (9999th story) Start of Agriculture, towns and cities (9980th story) Southern Ape Man (Hunter-Gatherers (1st story) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Building of Human Information Development (10,000 stories or twenty miles high) All human knowledge since the start of Internet (4000th story All human knowledge at time of invention of transistor(2000th Story) All human knowledge up to WW II (1000th story) Renaissance Southern Ape Man (Hunter-Gatherers 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Changing IT Environment in Combat Zones
Timeline Civil War 1865 WW I 1918 WW II 1945 Gulf War 1991 Iraq 2010+ Data Transfer Rates 16 bits/s 30bits/s 75bits/s 256bits/s 1.5 Mbps 25 Gbps Techno-logy Telegraph Tele-phone & Radio Computer & Radar VTC & Comm Sats Web Based Multi-media Net-Centri Warfare # of Soldiers /102 sq km 40,000 4,000 300 24 3 ? Capabil-ities Command to cities Communications to Navy & planes Communications to Subs Smart Bombs & Surveil-lance Battlefield intelligence Robotics UAVs C-2 Broad Band & Field Smart Robotics 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

“It is Hard to Make Accurate Predictions—Especially About the Future”-Arthur C. Clarke From Michael Crichton’s Congo in 1980: Fictional General Franklin F. Martin in a hypothetical briefing to the Arms Services Subcommittee in the U.S. Congress addresses the information demands of an imagined future WWWIII: “..given diversified tactical warfare, the number of weapons and “systems elements” increased astronomically. Modern estimates imagine 400 million computers in the field , with total weapons interactions at more than 15 billion in the first half hour of war. This meant there would be 8 million weapons interaction every second, in a bewildering ultra-fast conflict of aircraft, missiles, tanks, and ground troops. Such a war is only manageable by machines; human response times are simply too slow…It takes too long for a man to push a button—at least 1.8 seconds, which is an eternity in modern warfare…” 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

“It is Hard to Make Accurate Predictions—Especially About the Future”-Arthur C. Clarke Isaac Asimov in I, Robot developed the so-called three laws for robots. First Law: A Robot may not injure a human or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm” Second Law: A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with First or Second Laws. As one looks to the C-2 objectives and new capabilities related to machine-to-machine communications and decision making, the “control” of robots becomes a real and practical issue in 21st century warfare and peace-keeping. It is at the level of “intelligence” we see in the C-2 Constellation that such concerns may emerge in time. One might consider how to deploy new capability in terms of peacekeeping via information and communications networks as new “intelligent systems” can be designed and deployed. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key Characteristics of Ultra-Fast Information Society
Need to draw rapidly upon large-scale data bases. Instant updating of information—i.e low latency response. Synoptic merging of different data sources Merging of telecom, IT, GPS, GIS, remote sensing and intelligent sensors. Processing and A.I. capability at the edge (i.e. smart PDAs and intelligent agents) to reduce complex input into useful and actionable information. Thus, we see “A.I. decision making” Advanced Filters and Firewalls to protect security Interface standards to allow various digital telecommunications and IT systems to interconnect (I.e. the Pelton Merge). Global Discontinuities Technological Vulnerabilities 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Goals and Objectives of the C2 Constellation:
Command and Control, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C2ISR) information provided to battlefields via the Command and Control (C-2) Constellation C-2 To Be Designed to Provide Total Interconnectivity of: - Space Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Assets - Near Space (or Proto-Space) Assets - Aircraft and Aircraft Sensors, Guidance and Weapon Systems - Ground based sensors, communications and weapon systems Ability to integrate information and diverse data from multiple sources rapidly and with high degree of security. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Review of Current Environment
Many types of stove-pipe systems with limited interconnectivity, legacy systems in many different frequencies, various arms of U.S. forces and those of its allies with limited communications & IT capability, disparate data rates and protocols, especially at tactical and C-2 level. New high tech systems aimed at increased interconnectivity are now delayed several years, many networks rely on use of commercial networks, encryption systems are not all compatible and capability at C-2 especially limited for both U.S. and ally forces. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Summary of Risks Associated with C-2 and other Defense Space Programs
Unrealistic Cost and technical risk assessment upfront Requirements growth Lack of responsible risk management Inadequate funding with no margin for contingencies Budget instability (involves many elements but includes OMB & Congress) A degradation of government systems engineering capability Insufficient experience of program managers Flawed governmental acquisition process Ability of large contractors to use these problems to advantage Note: This summary of problems derive from independent reviews of DOD space programs, essentially as summarized by Ron Colucci, former chief of staff for the National Commission for the Review of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Cross Over of Governmental and Commercial Satellite Programs
Did Not Occur Due to “Telecommunications Bust” 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

The Widening SATCOM Bandwidth Gap
DOD Commercial Service Today’s DOD depends heavily on commercial SATCOM Currently reliance is on the order of 5 Gigabits/second and under new national security directives this may increase—especially given delays in the WGS, MUOS, TSAT and Advanced EHF Satellite networks 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Current MILSATCOM Space Assets
CONUS LANT IO PAC Polar Adjunct I 1997 (Molniya) FLTSAT e-7 5 Dec 86 (100 W) FLTSAT e-8 25 Sep 89 (23 W) FLTSAT-4 31 Jan 80 (172 E) UFO-3 24 Jun 94 (15 W) UFO-2 2 Sep 93 (75 E) UFO e-4 28 Jan 95 (177 W) UFO e-6 / UFO e-7 22 Oct 95 (105 W) / 24 Jun 96 (100 W) UFO e-9 (GBS) 20 Oct 98 (22.5 W) UFO e-10 (GBS) / UFO e-5 22 Nov 99 (72 E) / 31 May 95 (72.5 E) UFO e -8 (GBS) 16 Mar 96 (172 E) DSCS B-12 2 Jul 92 (Drift to 60E) DSCS B-13 24 Oct 97 (135 W) DSCS B-7 31 Jul 95 (52.5 W) DSCS/SLEP B-11 19 Oct 00 (12 W) DSCS B-10 (B-12) 28 Nov 93 (60 E) DSCS/SLEP B-8 20 Jan 00 (175 E) DSCS B-4 (A-2) 3 Oct 85 (130 W) DSCS B-14 10 Feb 92 (42.5 W) DSCS A-2 (B-10) 4 Sep 89 (57 E) DSCS B-5 3 Oct 85 (150 E) DSCS B-9 19 Jul 93 (180) Milstar Flt 1 7 Feb 94 (Drift to 177E) Milstar Flt 4 27 Feb 01 (90 W) Milstar Flt 2 6 Nov 95 (4 E) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Current Snapshot of Defense SATCOM (all satellites are in GEO orbit)
MILSTAR MDR Commercial Satellites DSCS III X Ku EHF EHF Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) III X Ku SATCOM Resource Utilization UHF Follow-On (UFO) (for Global Broadcast Service – GBS And MILSTAR LDR) Corps Division Teleport Legacy MSE Interim SBCT EHF - Extra High Frequency LDR - Low Data Rate MDR – Medium Data Rate MSE - Mobile Subscriber Equipment SBCT - Stryker Brigade Combat Team MILSTAR 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Delays in Dedicated DOD Sats
Major satellite program delays Wideband Gapfiller Satellite (WGS) was originally planned to be operational starting in 2004 Initial constellation includes 3 satellites each capable of approximately 2 Gbps throughput WGS Flight 1 (WGS-F1) launch date has slipped from Dec 05 to at least April 2006. Each satellite can provide from 400 Mbps to 1.6 Gbps and perhaps more with frequency reuse Earlier TC bandwidth estimates for a Major Theater War scenario have exceeded 8 Gbps Status of Advanced EHF procurement is not entirely clear MOUS delayed until at least 2009 or 2010 Transformational Communications (TC) Architecture satellite system, which incorporates interoperable radio frequency- and laser-based satellite communications, is now due to become operational in at best. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

The SATCOM Bandwidth Gap
Work horse DOD SATCOM has been X-band Super High Frequency (SHF) satellite with 6 transponders DOD policy generally restricts access to terminals of 8-foot diameter or larger Maximum data per satellite ~400 Mbps 9 satellites in Geosynchronous (GEO) orbit 5 primary and 4 reserve satellites DSCS Service Life Enhancement Program (SLEP) provided performance enhancements for the last 4 DSCS III satellites. Augmented by Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Extra High Frequency (EHF) DOD satellites UHF Follow-On (UFO) satellite capacity EHF MILSTAR II Medium Data Rate (MDR) satellite downlink data rate limit is 38-to-39.7 Mbps (based on mix of uplink data rates) Cost of EHF with RadHard and other features (over billion dollars) Cost per MHz over 20 times that of commercial systems 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

The Move to Different Frequencies with More Mobile Terminals
Military satellite have been historically developed for ground/earth terminals with larger aperture antennas Typically 8-foot or greater (especially for UHF and X-band) But current conflicts have demonstrated need for greater mobility and SATCOM On-The-Move (SOTM) which is a major shift in the current DOD SATCOM architecture. Heavy reliance on Inmarsat, Iridium, Globalstar, Eutelsat, Intelsat, New Skies, Connection by Boeing, etc. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

In 1997, military communications planners projected that the growing demand for satellite communications would exceed the capacity of military SATCOM and this has occurred. Need for commercial SATCOM validated by Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 80% of satellite communications provided by the private sector (I.e.Iridium, Inmarsat, Globalstar, Intelsat, Panamsat, Eutelsat and others) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Commercial SATCOM Terminal Program (CSTP) is in place Procure multiband SATCOM earth terminals that operate over DOD and commercial satellites Over 1000 earth terminals fielded throughout the world 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Military (DSCS)/ AEHF/
The Key to this Change is Net- Centric Warfare--and the Implementation of the Seam- Less Global Information Grid Teleports are Key to Worldwide High-Bandwidth DISN Connectivity for our Deployed Forces Sites will be interfaced into the GIG Commercial Services SEAMLESS INTEGRATION readily available Commercial Fiber Fixed Locations Commercial & Military Satcom Defense Information System Network Deployed Forces Military (DSCS)/ AEHF/ X-Ka/ MUOS Commercial Personal Communications Service (PCS) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

dependent on architecture
Army Use Of SATCOM Today For The Joint Network Transport Capability (JNTC) Components Provides up to 76 Mbps Of Commercial SATCOM Bandwidth Hub (2) Sanctuary TDMA 40 Mbps Shared 3.7m FDMA 36 Mbps Shared Maximum Bandwidth is dependent on architecture GIG/DISN 7 Mbps SATCOM 36 Mbps HCLOS 4 Mbps TDMA 3 Mnps FDMA (Shared Among Bns) UEx /BCT JNN (3/7) 1.024 Mbps 2.4m Ku TSC-85/93 LAN/Network MGT Red Voice SIPR 36 Mbps SMART-T 1.544 MBps Element Mgmt (NIPR) (SIPR) LOS TRC - 190 V(3) ISYSCON V4 (NIPR) (SIPR) WAN (NIPR) (SIPR) DPEM (Planning) x2 NIPR BITS Black Voice 4 Mbps Shared SATCOM 2 Mbps LOS 4 Mbps TDMA (Shared Among Bns) Battalion Command Post Node (34) Ku 2.4m 2 Mbps LAN MGT 9/17/2018 LOS TRC - 190 V(1) PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID Ku SIPR ISYSCON V4 (SIPR) TTC

The Defense Satcom Future
Wider use of commercial SATCOM on the battlefield Multi-channel SATCOM has traditionally reached down the Division-level echelons DOD is undergoing transformation and plans call for Future Forces to employ medium data rate SATCOM at Brigade and Battalion level echelons Future Forces will be lighter and more mobile (e.g., support SATCOM On-The-Move [SOTM]) Small antenna apertures are needed Ku-band preferred over C-band and Ka-band preferred over Ku-bandHigher frequency band Greater antenna gain (e.g., EIRP and G/T) for a given aperture size Most critical Need may well be in integrated C-2 Capability (and this capability cannot be provided via commercial systems) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Army Communications Migration
MSE/TRI-TAC JNN Network WIN-T -FCS Cold-War Linear Battlefield Smaller Area of Operations Linear/Non-linear Battlefield Area of Operations Non-linear Battlefield Expanded Area of Operations Network Management Capability Limited Mobility Large transportation requirements Primarily LOS and limited BLOS Manpower intensive GIG connectivity down to Bde TROJAN Spirit and other Stove Pipe systems supplement network Non-integrated NetOps (Net Mgt, IA, & IDM-T) At the Quick Halt Comms Primarily BLOS and limited LOS Reduced footprint Reduced manpower IAW TF Modularity GIG connectivity down to Bn JWICS TS/SCI tunneled through network (future) A single, integrating Future Force communications network (Future Combat System (FCS) Dominated by On-the-move BLOS comms to support Mobile Battle Command Supports voice, data, and video Provides network security at multiple levels (SI, Secret, and TS/SCI) Increases data capacity GIG connectivity down to Bn or below Provides network operations Based on commercial technology Reduces footprint and force structure 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Status of DOD SATCOM Use Today
Commercial SATCOM previously was used mainly for lesser critical military operations (e.g., logistics, telemedicine, traffic, weather, voice, video teleconferencing) Today critical Command and Control (C2) traffic now traversing commercial satellites U.S. military buys $300+ million a year in commercial SATCOM (based on 2004 estimate) In some sectors the US DOD is the largest user US Navy use of INMARSAT DOD use of IRIDIUM Typical DOD customers have short-term requirements Most of the leases currently in place are for one year, with options Approximately 90 percent of DISA’s leases are in this category 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Status of DOD SATCOM Use Today
Although DoD directives require all services and agencies to procure their long-haul communications through DISA, users can get a waiver from the Office the Secretary of Defense’s Global Information Grid (GIG) waiver panel if DISA is not used Authority to use commercial SATCOM (aka “Landing Rights”) can be more quickly obtained than the normal DOD MILSATCOM frequency coordination process in some cases 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Less Launches Have Created Major Issues to Launch Industry
The decline in telecommunications satellite launches since 1999 has led to far fewer commercial launches by all suppliers. The increase in launch payload capacity has tended to increase the impact. United Launch Alliance (Lockheed Martin-Boeing Consortium to be ruled on by Federal Trade Commission (late 2005 or early This is to guarantee dual launch capability to US Govt.) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key New Capabilities of INMARSAT System Inmarsat I-4 system with 228 Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) services. Plus 18 regional beams and 1 global beam. 550 Mbps per satellite. 6 metric ton GEO satellite with 13 meter multi- beam deployable antenna Total global coverage of 1.66 Gbps when system fully deployed. Currently Inmarsat has a total of 350,000 registered users of their global network. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key New Capabilities of INMARSAT System Inmarsat 3 and Inmarsat 4 supports 64 kbps (comm on the move) ISDN type service and IP router data packet service Class 1UT Laptop BGAN Service (supports 400 Mbps IP data service uplink and downlink, 64 ISDN/IP, 4kbps voice and 3.1KHz audio.) Class 2 UT Laptop BGAN (supports 300 Mbps IP data, 4kbps voice and 3.1 KHz audio.) Class 3 UT Mobile BGAN (supports 150 Mbps IP data + voice) Omni unit (supports 50 Kbps IP data plus netted voice and Blue Force tracking.) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key New Capabilities of INMARSAT System Wide range of encrypted services for comms on the move for defense, peace-keeping, homeland security and police activities. Services include: (I) high data rates; (ii) Netted voice and video conferencing; (iii) situational awareness such as map and GIS updates and remote uploading of digital pictures; (iv) Collaboration tools such as whiteboarding, common operational picture, and file- sharing. Support legacy STU, STE, and KIV encryption systems as well as IP Sec Support new HAIPIS Encryption System Special terminal with GPS enabled or GPS disabled on demand Special multi-cast capabilities on demand. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key New Capabilities of X-TAR System The New XTAR SYSTEM 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Coverage of XTAR SYSTEM With Beam Stacking

New Commercial Dual-Use Satcom Options
Spaceway satellites 2nd XTAR Terrestar Geo-based mobile system New Loral Geo-based mobile system SES-Astra (hybrid-Ku/Ka band systems Wild Blue 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Other New Approaches Falcon Class (small-low cost systems) that can be deployed as localized capacity needs arise. Combination of HAPS (High Altitude Platform System capability with satcom Sublease from Connexion by Boeing 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Summary There is currently insufficient DOD Satellite capacity to support the near-to-midterm needs of the warfighter The SATCOM capacity gap is satisfied mainly thru the use of commercial Ku-band and L-band/S-band capability DOD use of commercial SATCOM is blurring the scope of Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Traditionally allocated to non-mobile applications First major system to challenge this allocation was the QUALCOMM OmniTRACS system It would be desirable to have multi-year contracts in place to procure surge capacity to respond rapidly and cost effectively to global events Within the territory of some nations, authority to use commercial SATCOM can be obtained more quickly than through MILSATCOM 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Summary New Corporate structures (I.e. Intelsat General and Panamsat’s G2) allow greater responsiveness Commercial SATCOM promotes enhanced interoperability with many allies/coalition partners Highly adaptable new GIG-based teleport system will be key to flexible use of commercial networks New models such as XTAR, Improvements in the DOD/industry partnership will have key payoffs cost-effective services to the government stabilize the private sector during a difficult economic cycle Bandwidth efficient broadcast and IP networks Direct TV and Direct PC Digital Video Broadcast-Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Limitations U.S. legislation restricts the use of commercial systems to carry out critical command and control functions Gradual shift of commercial systems to provide a wider range of services has been driven by needs of Iraqi Freedom & Afghanistan and National Security directives Limits of use of commercial systmes under current U.S. law requires the deployment of significant new space systems to accomplish goals of netcentric warfare, the GIG and the C-2 Constellation. European allies have greater flexibility in use and deployment of space systems. Need for human control of command decisions. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Integrating Key Elements
Space (Comm, IT, Sensors, Navigation, etc.) Near Space Air Ground Based Systems Intelligence and Strategic Intelligence Sources Space Operations Center (AOC) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Integrating Space Systems
Remote sensing and surveillance systems of the United States and allied countries (Optical, Multi-spectral, radar, Infra-red) Communications satellite systems of the air forces, army, navy, marines, coast guard (UHF, X Band, Ka band) Commercial communications satellite capacity reserved for defense purposes (L, C, X, Ku and Ka bands) Space navigation and targeting systems (L band, GPS, Loran, etc.) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

DoD Teleport The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is implementing the Department of Defense (DoD) Teleport System Integrate, manage, and control a variety of communications interfaces between the Defense Information System Network (DISN) terrestrial and tactical satellite communications (SATCOM) assets at a single point Seamless Access to various DOD communities and GIG Information Sources Non-secure Internet Protocol, Routed Network (NIPRNet) for Sensitive Information (SI) Secret Internet Protocol, Routed Network (SIPRNet) for Secret information Joint World Wide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS) for Top Secret (TS) information Defense Switch Network (DSN) Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

DOD Teleport The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is implementing the Department of Defense (DoD) Teleport System Integrate, manage, and control a variety of communications interfaces between the Defense Information System Network (DISN) terrestrial and tactical satellite communications (SATCOM) assets at a single point Seamless Access to various DOD communities and GIG Information Sources Non-secure Internet Protocol, Routed Network (NIPRNet) for Sensitive Information (SI) Secret Internet Protocol, Routed Network (SIPRNet) for Secret information Joint World Wide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS) for Top Secret (TS) information Defense Switch Network (DSN) Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

DOD Teleport Teleport is an extension of the Standardized Tactical Entry Point (STEP) program Reach-back for deployed warfighters via the DSCS III satellites Additional connectivity via multiple military and commercial SATCOM systems, inter- and intra-theater communications through a variety of SATCOM choices Eventually the new teleport system will provide full connectivity to the GIG and support future C-2 Constellation system requirements. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Current Teleport And STEP Sites
Ft Buckner X(3), C(2), Ku(2), UHF(2) EHF(3), WGS(1) Ft. Detrick STEP site DSCS OC Wahiawa X(3), C(2), Ku(2),UHF(2) EHF(3), WGS(1) Ku Ft. Meade STEP site DSCS OC Camp Roberts X(3), C(2), Ku(2), UHF(2), EHF(3), WGS(1) Bahrain X(2), EHF(3) STEP site Ft. Belvoir STEP site DISN Lago X(3), C(2), Ku(2), UHF(2), EHF(3) Ft Bragg STEP site Northwest X(3), Ku(1), C(2), Ku(2), UHF(2) EHF(3), WGS(1) MacDill AFB STEP site Ft Monmouth Testbed X(2), C(1), Ku(1), UHF, EHF, WGS(1) Ramstein X(1), C(1), Ku(1) UHF(2), EHF(3) Croughton STEP site Landstuhl X(4), WGS(2) Legend: Black-Currently Installed Green-Install in Gen1 Al Udeid STEP site ATM Connectivity DISN Terrestrial Backbone Teleport Site ARIFJAN STEP site NOTE: Landstuhl/Ramstein is a split Teleport site 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Key Challenges UAVs with high res sensors can generate 100s of Mbs of data and thus challenge relay capability of available satellites Ground sensors, AWAC radar aircraft also generate large amounts of “real time data”. Remote sensing & surveillance satellites, in particular, require the processing and “ground truthing” of data before distribution to tactical ground and air forces. A major challenge is the degree of processing that is made of sensor data before distribution to tactical forces—on the ground and to air forces. Secure broadband channels are key to meet many of these challenges. Also there is the need for interconnection of diverse communications channels of varying security and throughput. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Ultimate Challenge The Ultimate Challenge is thus the merging (in near real time) of various information sources: (a) various space, near space, air and ground sensors; (b) specialized processing and decision making centers; (c) GPS systems; (d) diverse mobile and fixed communications systems (including machine-to-machine systems and battlefield IP based data, voice and video systems. (e) weapon systems and (f) achieving such integration (on common platforms with compatible standards and security systems) within the constraints and specific needs of the air force, the army, the marines, the navy and other security forces of the U.S. plus the armed and security forces of American allies (especially NATO). 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Intelligence Resources
Many of the C-2 Requirements in terms of throughput, optical and surveillance capabilities in radar, multi-spectral, IR and other frequencies will drive the development of interactive and compatible networking Terrestrial sensor technology is increasingly moving toward MEMS and nano-technology systems that are “smart”, “clustered” and interactive. This again drives the curve in implementing network centric systems and the architecture of IT and telecommunications nets. National IMINT, SIGINT, SBIRS Plus and S Plus systems will need to be designed to keep legacy systems current and make new systems more network compatible. (Probably IP based.) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Time Table and Implementation Schedules
2008: Network Centric Operations (NCO) to be achieved. NCO to cover: - Sensors (space, air, ground, etc.) - Deciders (Controller of troops & equipment) - Shooters (weapons systems at all locations) - Networked with data interoperability through XML and data tags. - Portal access for Command, Control, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaisance nodes. (C2ISR) - Blue Force Tracking with Common Operational Picture Inputs - Double digit-minutes for “kill chain” execution & assessment - Machine-to-machine information exchanges 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Time Table and Implementation Schedules
2012: Full Network Centric Operations (NCO). Full NCO to cover: - A Single network of Sensors (space, air, ground, etc.) - A Single network for Deciders (Controller of troops & equipment) - A Single network for Shooters (weapons systems at all locations) - On-demand combat information query (w/ publish & subscribe options available according to clearance and command authorization) - IP addressable combat troops, weapons systems and sensors. - Common operational picture available to commanders. - Single digit-minutes kill chain execution & assessment. - End-to-end machine-to-machine chain execution. (Limits to NCW?) 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Final Conclusions Major technological challenges remain. (These include on-board processing, intersatellite links, optical transmission, improved modems, turbo coding, smart & multi-use ground terminals, improved ASIC capabilities, Integration of inter service requirements and accommodation of legacy systems Near real time processing, decision making and distribution of space, near-space, air space and ground based sensors data to “in-the-field” troops. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

Final Conclusions Coping with intersystem incompatibilities. (There remain many types of stove-pipe systems with limited interconnectivity, legacy systems in many different frequencies, various arms of U.S. forces and those of its allies with limited communications & IT capability, disparate data rates and protocols, especially at tactical and C-2 level.) Achieving the improvement in IT integration and achieve net-centric warfare objectives over time via JTRS, GIG implementation, MOUS, TSAT and C-2 Constellation implementation while also using integration dual use commercial systems (including X-band systems) as transitional systems. 9/17/2018 PELTON-C-2 Constellation Workshop-IID

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